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Heterogeneity in the etiology and severity of CeVD, and significant co-occurrence with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has hampered investigations. Research into VCI is especially relevant in Asia, where cognitive impairment and dementia, often due to VCI, grows due to rapidly aging populations and high prevalence of vascular risk factors. This manuscript reviewed the rationale, unique positioning, design, methodology, and findings from the HARMONISATION study, a prospective observational study of VCI and AD in multi-ethnic Asians. 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