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We also assessed the hippocampus of 6\u20137-month-old 5xFAD mice for cytokine levels using multiplex ELISA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the prefrontal cortex of AD patients, we observed increased IL-15 colocalization with GFAP\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      astrocytes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0181) near A\u03b2 plaques and demonstrate that astrocytes, but not neurons, upregulate IL-15 in response to interferon-\u03b3 and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0003 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, respectively). We also show that neurons express increased IL2R\u03b3 and IL2R\u03b2 colocalization as Braak score increases (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002) and that IL-15 is increased in the 5xFAD hippocampus compared to control animals (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0021).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astrocytes are a source of IL-15 in AD, particularly near localized A\u03b2 pathology, and neurons are poised to respond. The 5xFAD model recapitulates the hippocampal inflammatory milieu associated with AD and may be a useful tool to study the role of IL-15 in the context of A\u03b2 pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251393275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T15:37:35Z","timestamp":1762357055000},"page":"224-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Astrocytes upregulate interleukin-15 in response to neuroinflammation during Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Benjamin C","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin E","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon C","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Payton","family":"Timken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Louveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-9580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"3512","article-title":"Immunity impacts cognitive deficits across neurological disorders","volume":"168","author":"Shaw BC","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shaw BC, Anders VR, Tinkey RA, et al. 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