{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T23:48:09Z","timestamp":1779061689011,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Episodic memory tests in Alzheimer's disease (AD) often depend on verbal recall or drawing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop Visual Image Simple Recognition Test (VISRET) and evaluate its psychometric and clinical performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 149 individuals (healthy participants [HP]\u2009=\u200962; AD\u2009=\u200953; patients with aphasia [AP]\u2009=\u200934). We assessed reliability (split-half Spearman\u2013Brown [SB]), known-groups validity with age-adjusted models and age-stratified analyses, and a Bayesian logistic model (AD versus HP). A Bayesian linear model produced a composite Memory Score and highest posterior density (HPD)-based cut-offs using HP alone, subsequently evaluated by five-fold cross-validation. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed by correlating VISRET with established neuropsychological tests in non-aphasic AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internal consistency was good in AD (SB\u2009=\u20090.87) and acceptable when pooled within-group (SB\u2009=\u20090.84). AD\u2013HP discrimination was large, persisting after age adjustment, within age strata, and following aphasic AD exclusion. The Bayesian model showed excellent discrimination (posterior-mean AUC\u2009=\u20090.99, 95% HPD\u2009=\u20090.97\u20130.99). AP differed from HP but with trivial absolute differences (total 39.6 versus 39.4; false recognitions 0.1 versus 0.3). In non-aphasic AD, VISRET total correlated with an established episodic memory test (\u03c1=0.60) but demonstrated weak or near-zero correlations with non-memory domains (e.g., nonverbal reasoning, \u03c1=0.02). Cross-validated, HP-derived Memory-Score cut-offs achieved mean AUC\u2009=\u20090.98; at the 95%-HPD threshold, sensitivity\u2009=\u20090.87 and specificity\u2009=\u20090.95; at 99%-HPD, sensitivity\u2009=\u20090.74 and specificity\u2009=\u20090.98.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VISRET is a brief, language-minimized recognition test facilitating AD-related memory impairment detection, with minimal practical impact of aphasia. The HP-derived Memory Score and cut-offs demonstrated stable cross-validation, suggesting potential clinical utility pending replication and external validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251405433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T15:41:21Z","timestamp":1765554081000},"page":"1174-1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Visual Image Simple Recognition Test, a language-minimized recognition test: Psychometric and clinical evaluation in Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2863-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shun","family":"Akaike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0289-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiko","family":"Ogata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hokkaido Neurosurgical Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshitsugu","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Disorders, School of Rehabilitation Science, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigehisa","family":"Ura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Asahikawa Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimito","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hokuto Hospital, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Imashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapporo Keijinkai Rehabilitation Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigeki","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sapporo Keijinkai Rehabilitation Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Yabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Otsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment, 5th edition","author":"Lezak MD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, et al. 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