{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:25:34Z","timestamp":1777397134456,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Memory loss is a core feature of typical Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Standard memory tests such as word lists assess verbal episodic memory with delayed recall and recognition. However, actual memory fidelity is likely variable, continuous, and has a subjective component.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated dual-processing models of episodic memory (recollection versus familiarity) using confidence ratings in a \u201cjudgment of knowing\u201d paradigm (JOK).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paradigm was applied to the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) memory test as part of neuropsychological evaluation at University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC), to generate novel indices of memory function to improve sensitivity to early memory problems and provide a memory awareness metric. On recognition testing, participants rated how sure they were of their yes\/no responses to each item. We derived novel variables related to memory and metacognition, including an Accuracy-Certainty Index and the Relative Certainty Index.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this sample of 347 participants (185 with AD, 55 with MCI, 111 cognitively unimpaired), CERAD Delayed Recall was the best single variable for discriminating groups, although multiple certainty variables also discriminated groups well.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The addition of certainty indices to a standard verbal memory task increased discriminative power between groups, particularly between cognitively normal controls and MCI or AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251406623","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:22:21Z","timestamp":1768296141000},"page":"1380-1390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Certainty-weighted recognition memory: Potential applications for early detection and metacognition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2570-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"},{"name":"Wake Forest Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. Elizabeth","family":"Shaaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion and Development, School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven T.","family":"DeKosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 1Florida Alzheimer's Disease Center, and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar L.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8331-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marissa A.","family":"Gogniat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Snitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kaufer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"Anosognosia in dementia: a review of current assessment instruments","volume":"12","author":"Ruiter N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruiter N, Schoonbrood A, Twillert B, et al. 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