{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:41Z","timestamp":1792787741805,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","award":["24AARFD-1189285"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24AARFD-1189285"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f4d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","award":["AARGD-NTF-21-848187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AARGD-NTF-21-848187"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0375f4d26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRS \/ U01AG009740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRS \/ U01AG009740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Michigan Center for the Contextual Factors in Alzh"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Michigan Center for the Contextual Factors in Alzh"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["National Institute on Aging \/ U01AG009740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Institute on Aging \/ U01AG009740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 \/ AG-051142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 \/ AG-051142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 \/ NS007222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 \/ NS007222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Michigan Pioneers Fellows Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n In the U.S.\n ,<\/jats:italic>\n historical legal and contemporary social segregation results in K-12 school differences based on racial composition. We hypothesize that racial composition of K-12 schools contributes to higher Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementia risk among non-Hispanic Black (NHB) older adults.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To better understand the social determinants of AD, this original research study adopts a life course perspective. Specifically, we investigate associations between K-12 schools\u2019 racial composition and later-life cognitive health among U.S.-born and educated NHB older adults.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We used the Health and Retirement Study's 2015, 2017, and 2019 Life History Mail Survey and categorized participants (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092105) by the majority racial composition of K-12 schools they attended: only majority non-Hispanic White (NHW) schools (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009193), only majority NHB schools (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091387), or both school types (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009525). We used adjusted regressions to assess associations between school racial composition and total cognition, episodic memory, and vocabulary. To examine mediation by educational attainment, we performed path analyses.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Attending only majority NHW schools or attending both school types was associated with better total cognition (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01 and\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, respectively) and episodic memory (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05 and\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01, respectively) compared to only attending majority NHB schools. Attending both school types was also associated with better vocabulary (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001). Between 24 and 64% of these associations were mediated by participants\u2019 educational attainment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Our findings highlight the long-term cognitive benefits of attending majority NHW schools for this cohort. These findings also underscore the need for initiatives that promote educational equity in majority NHB schools.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251409190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T17:21:24Z","timestamp":1767115284000},"page":"1626-1636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial composition in K-12 schooling and cognitive health of older Black adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2602-8437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merci N.","family":"Best","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2066-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassidy","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0064-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa R.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9746-8165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Zahodne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12060"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2018.38.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000720"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.5337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.52713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-055952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2022.101184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Kober N. 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