{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:53:15Z","timestamp":1785901995464,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR 203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR 203308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AG062722"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AG062722"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AG082653"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG082653"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG079289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG079289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AG089427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG089427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1AG066837"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG066837"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite growing interest in hearing impairment as a potentially modifiable risk factor for dementia, the association is poorly understood. This has implications for whether treating hearing impairment can prevent or delay onset of dementia, as causation is not the only explanation for the association. In this editorial, we highlight how biases in research studies might account for the reported associations. We suggest future research using different study designs and novel biomarkers to help us overcome methodological limitations. This may allow us to determine the strength of the causal pathways linking hearing impairment to dementia, ultimately informing prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251410502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:26:38Z","timestamp":1768897598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hearing impairment and cognitive decline: Alternative explanations to causality"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1405-1218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natascha","family":"Merten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piers","family":"Dawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Hearing Research, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6543-9098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin J.","family":"Munro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"},{"name":"Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willa D.","family":"Brenowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.2513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01406-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724980443000151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbz094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.915924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2017.17040423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"Modern Epidemiology","author":"Lash TL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lash TL, VanderWeele TJ, Haneuse S, et al. Modern Epidemiology. Fourth edition. Philadelphia: LWW, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000135174.63482.43"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt172"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-200504000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182994eee"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2025.112823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2019.1594414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"78","article-title":"A narrative review of lifestyle risk factors and the role of oxidative stress in age-related hearing loss","volume":"12","author":"Tang D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang D, Tran Y, Dawes P, et al. A narrative review of lifestyle risk factors and the role of oxidative stress in age-related hearing loss. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12: 78.","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-066419"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.10.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-H-ASCC7-18-0142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9060769"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010709"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy124"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn164"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00361-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251378675"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference","author":"Shadish WR","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shadish WR, Cook TD, Campbell DT. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. 2nd edition. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2001.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00092-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08919887241302107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-021-00069-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12339"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251410502","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877251410502","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251410502","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:09:58Z","timestamp":1777370998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877251410502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877251410502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251410502","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}}}