{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:25:31Z","timestamp":1777397131008,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Linda Shy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Emerging evidence suggests that various microbes and mites may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). The association between microbial exposure and these conditions raises the possibility that mites, as vectors or direct agents, could contribute to disease onset and progression. PD, with 15% or less of cases linked to genetics, highlights the importance of environmental factors in the remaining sporadic cases. Mites, known to harbor prions, suggest a potential mechanism for horizontal transmission. Mites can inject neurotoxins that may disrupt neurological systems, potentially leading to movement disorders, memory loss, and cognitive decline. Conditions like seborrheic dermatitis and rosacea, linked to mites such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Demodex<\/jats:italic>\n                    , are highly prevalent in patients with PD and AD, and mite-induced inflammation may exacerbate disease symptoms. Mite infestations can cause systemic illness, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological disturbances. Due to their microscopic size, they are often undetected and potentially can swap DNA with humans. This article summarizes observations linking mite exposure to neurodegenerative diseases. In one family, a member was diagnosed with LBD following chronic skin issues and mite exposure, while another developed symptoms associated with PD. Mites may contribute through prion transmission, neurotoxin injection, or by triggering inflammation. A nationwide study found that scabies patients treated with lindane, a neurotoxic pesticide, had a significantly reduced PD risk, suggesting a protective effect. These findings underscore the urgent need for further research into mites and environmental triggers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251412923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T06:37:41Z","timestamp":1768372661000},"page":"90-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mites, microbes, and neurodegeneration: A unified environmental hypothesis for Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Lewy body dementia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9569-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Thornton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Placer County, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3408-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenny L.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, Placer County, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 Symptoms and causes","author":"Mayo Clinic","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic. Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u2013 Symptoms and causes. Rochester, MN: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2024. https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/alzheimers-disease\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20350447 (accessed 28 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006654"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","article-title":"Bacterial, viral and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies","volume":"10","author":"Wang H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang H, Liu C, Tan C, et al. Bacterial, viral and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies. Brain Behav 2020; 10: e01549.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1471736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02274902"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009013157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"About other spotted fever rickettsioses","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About other spotted fever rickettsioses. Atlanta, GA: CDC. 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/other-spotted-fever\/about\/index.html (access 5 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.IJD_388_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","article-title":"First report of concomitant tinea faciei and pityriasis folliculorum: a dermatomicrobiological rarity","volume":"10","author":"Vanam HP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vanam HP, Mohanram K, Siva Rami Reddy K, et al. First report of concomitant tinea faciei and pityriasis folliculorum: a dermatomicrobiological rarity. Cureus 2018; 10: e3017.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","volume-title":"Muller and Kirk's small animal dermatology","author":"Miller WH","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miller WH, Griffin CE, Campbell KL. Muller and Kirk's small animal dermatology. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Health Sciences, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00369-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000250228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.07.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","article-title":"Amyloid beta is an early responder cytokine and immunopeptide of the innate immune system","volume":"6","author":"Weaver DF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weaver DF. Amyloid beta is an early responder cytokine and immunopeptide of the innate immune system. Alzheimers Dement (NY) 2020; 6: e12100.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (NY)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08939"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wfs2.v2.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1255555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.2464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.00345.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/alzrt109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.11282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00269.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)03082-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200403000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaf037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","volume-title":"Signs and symptoms of Lewy body dementia","author":"Sparks D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sparks D. Signs and symptoms of Lewy body dementia. Rochester, MN: Mayo Clinic, 2020, https:\/\/newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org\/discussion\/signs-and-symptoms-of-lewy-body-dementia\/ (accessed 21 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12789"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102684"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","first-page":"298","article-title":"Multiple autoimmune syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Mohan MP","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mohan MP, Ramesh TC. Multiple autoimmune syndrome. Indian J Dermatol Venerol Leprol 2003; 69: 298\u2013299.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venerol Leprol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"132","article-title":"Multiple autoimmune syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Cojocaru M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cojocaru M, Cojocaru IM, Silosi I. Multiple autoimmune syndrome. Maedica (Bucur) 2010; 5: 132\u2013134.","journal-title":"Maedica (Bucur)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","volume-title":"Comorbidities in autoimmune disease & multiple autoimmune syndrome","author":"Chiavolini D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiavolini D. Comorbidities in autoimmune disease & multiple autoimmune syndrome. McLean, VA: Global Autoimmune Institute, 2022, https:\/\/www.autoimmuneinstitute.org\/articles\/comorbidities-in-autoimmune-disease-multipleautoimmune-syndrome (accessed 29 December 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.907424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","article-title":"Brown recluse bites caused two people's blood cells to self-destruct","author":"Sohn R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sohn R. Brown recluse bites caused two people's blood cells to self-destruct. Livescience 2022. https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/brown-recluse-spider-bite-hemolytic-anemia (25 November 2025).","journal-title":"Livescience"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","unstructured":"National Rosacea Society. New study reveals scope of Demodex mites and rosacea. https:\/\/www.rosacea.org\/blog\/2015\/january\/new-study-reveals-scope-of-demodex-mites-and-rosacea (2015 accessed 28 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24645"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"A manual of acarology","author":"Krantz GW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krantz GW, Walter DE. A manual of acarology. 3rd ed. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University Press, 2009.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","first-page":"313","article-title":"Tremor, seizures and psychosis as presenting symptoms in a patient with chronic lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB)","volume":"35","author":"Markeljevi\u0107 J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Markeljevi\u0107 J, Sarac H, Rados M. Tremor, seizures and psychosis as presenting symptoms in a patient with chronic lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB). Coll Antropol 2011; 35: 313\u2013318.","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","unstructured":"Ruscio M. Dr. RuscioDC. 2022. https:\/\/drruscio.com\/unusual-symptoms-of-lyme-disease\/ (accessed 21 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2006)43[610:PHAPAM]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1966088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","article-title":"What is neurotoxicity?","author":"Robertson S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robertson S. What is neurotoxicity? News Medical Life Sciences 2022. https:\/\/www.news-medical.net\/health\/What-is-Neurotoxicity.aspx (21 July 2025).","journal-title":"News Medical Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02051-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","article-title":"What's eating you? Cheyletiella mites","volume":"5","author":"Reynold H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reynold H, Elston DM. What's eating you? Cheyletiella mites. MDedge Dermatol Cutis 2017; 5: 335\u2013336, 355. https:\/\/www.mdedge.com\/dermatology\/article\/137002\/infectious-diseases\/whats-eating-you-cheyletiella-mites (accessed October 2020).","journal-title":"MDedge Dermatol Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","first-page":"1342","article-title":"Association between scabies treatment and Parkinson's disease: a nationwide, population-based study","volume":"17","author":"Tsai KS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tsai KS, Lu MK, Liu CH, et al. Association between scabies treatment and Parkinson's disease: a nationwide, population-based study. Pharm (Basel) 2024; 17: 1342.","journal-title":"Pharm (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11114.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.02.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1154626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1648-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"336","author":"Landreth GE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Landreth GE, Reed-Geaghan EG. Toll-like receptors in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 336: 137\u2013153.","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.303016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720505774330555"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Nanda J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nanda J, Patel P, Juergens AL. PermethrinStatPearls. Treasure Island: FL: StatPearls Publishing, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK553150\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(84)70151-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_1591_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S142708"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S440199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2025.107693"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(82)70137-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(01)00244-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0806464"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-14-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","article-title":"Scabies differential diagnoses","author":"Kauffman L","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kauffman L. Scabies differential diagnoses. Medscape 2025. https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/1109204-differential (accessed 11 July 2025).","journal-title":"Medscape"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","unstructured":"MalaCards. Mite Infestation. Version 5.19.0.1137. 2024. https:\/\/www.malacards.org\/card\/mite_infestation (accessed February 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2025.107831"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62552-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S130319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","unstructured":"American Academy of Dermatology. Seborrheic dermatitis: signs and symptoms. 2022. https:\/\/www.aad.org\/public\/diseases\/a-z\/seborrheic-dermatitis-symptoms (accessed 28 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","unstructured":"UngexAU. The Demodex role in seborrheic dermatitis caused dandruff. 2020. https:\/\/www.ungexau.com\/en\/the-demodex-role-in-seborrheic-dermatitis-caused-dandruff\/ (accessed 21 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1989.01670220134028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","article-title":"Skin biopsy distinguishes between Parkinson's and \u2018look-alike\u2019 disorder with high degree of accuracy, study shows","author":"Mitchell J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mitchell J. Skin biopsy distinguishes between Parkinson's and \u2018look-alike\u2019 disorder with high degree of accuracy, study shows. Beth Israel Deaconess Med Center 2023. https:\/\/www.bidmc.org\/about-bidmc\/news\/2023\/04\/skin-biopsy-distinguishes-between-parkinsons-and-look-alike-disorder-with-high-degree-of-accuracy (accessed 21 July 2025).","journal-title":"Beth Israel Deaconess Med Center"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","unstructured":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research. Ask the MD: does Parkinson's have a signature scent? 2022. https:\/\/www.michaeljfox.org\/news\/ask-md-does-parkinsons-have-signature-scent (accessed 28 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00211.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00897-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","unstructured":"Parkinson's Foundation. Urinary problems in Parkinson's disease. https:\/\/www.parkinson.org\/library\/fact-sheets\/urinary-problems (accessed 21 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","first-page":"711","article-title":"Laboratory evidence of the presence of demodex in urine laboratory: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Hatami A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hatami A, Pour SM, Rahmani K, et al. Laboratory evidence of the presence of demodex in urine laboratory: a case report. Iran J Parasitol 2021; 16: 711\u2013714.","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.12.6200-6201.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","volume-title":"A nose to diagnose: improving Parkinson's diagnosis","author":"University of Manchester","year":"2022","unstructured":"University of Manchester. A nose to diagnose: improving Parkinson's diagnosis. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester, 2022. https:\/\/www.manchester.ac.uk\/about\/news\/a-nose-to-diagnose-improving-parkinsons-diagnosis\/ (28 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","unstructured":"Happy Dog Naturals. Symptom Checker. https:\/\/www.happydognaturals.com\/what-is-mange\/mange-symptom-checker\/ (accessed 1 June 2023)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5c00908"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0826-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","article-title":"Sniffing out dementia with a simple smell test","author":"Paddock C","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paddock C. Sniffing out dementia with a simple smell test. MedNews Today 2017. https:\/\/www.medicalnewstoday.com\/articles\/319589 (accessed 29 September 2020).","journal-title":"MedNews Today"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-018-0796-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9135-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","volume-title":"Hay Fever (Rhinitis)","author":"American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI)","year":"2025","unstructured":"American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI). Hay Fever (Rhinitis). Milwaukee, WI: ACAAI, 2025. https:\/\/acaai.org\/allergies\/allergic%20conditions\/hay%20fever\/ (accessed 4 August 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","article-title":"Walking Dandruff in Dogs","author":"Boldan M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boldan M. Walking Dandruff in Dogs. PetMD 2022. https:\/\/www.petmd.com\/dog\/conditions\/skin\/walking-dandruff-dogs (4 August 2025).","journal-title":"PetMD"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2019.1647315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","first-page":"83","article-title":"Sleep in Alzheimer's disease and the sundown syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Vitiello MV","year":"1992","unstructured":"Vitiello MV, Bliwise DL, Prinz PN. Sleep in Alzheimer's disease and the sundown syndrome. Neurology 1992; 42: 83\u201394.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","unstructured":"Hills J. Mite bites: warning signs and natural treatments. 2017. https:\/\/www.healthyandnaturalworld.com\/mite-bites\/. (accessed October 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","article-title":"Houston sleep apnea doctor explains relationship between sinusitis and sleep apnea","author":"Yeung C","unstructured":"Yeung C. Houston sleep apnea doctor explains relationship between sinusitis and sleep apnea. Houston Sinus Surgery 2016. https:\/\/www.houstonsinussurgery.com\/blog\/houston-sleep-apnea-doctor-explains-relationship-between-sinusitis-and-sleep-apnea\/?bp=38718\/ (accessed October 2020).","journal-title":"Houston Sinus Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","first-page":"459","article-title":"The incidence of Demodex folliculorum in the combination of allergic rhinitis and diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Arli C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arli C, Ozsan M, Gurkan E, et al. The incidence of Demodex folliculorum in the combination of allergic rhinitis and diabetes mellitus. Iran J Parasitol 2019; 14: 459\u2013464.","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1986.03780080040008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-017-0208-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01446-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","article-title":"Hearing loss may be an early sign of dementia","author":"Peeples L","year":"2011","unstructured":"Peeples L. Hearing loss may be an early sign of dementia. Health Alzheimer's Disease 2011 . https:\/\/www.health.com\/condition\/alzheimers\/hearing-loss-dementia (accessed October 2020).","journal-title":"Health Alzheimer's Disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","article-title":"Can humans get ear mites from a pet?","author":"Higuera V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Higuera V. Can humans get ear mites from a pet? Healthline 2020. https:\/\/www.healthline.com\/health\/ear-mites-in-humans#signs-and-symptoms (accessed October 2020).","journal-title":"Healthline"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","unstructured":"Cornell Feline Health Center Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. Ear mites: tiny critters that can pose a major threat https:\/\/www.vet.cornell.edu\/departments-centers-and-institutes\/cornell-feline-health-center\/health-information\/feline-health-topics\/ear-mites-tiny-critters-can-pose-major-threat (accessed 21 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","first-page":"102451","article-title":"Lower urinary tract symptoms caused by scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei): a case report","volume":"49","author":"Alabdullah H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alabdullah H, Alabdullah MN, Alabdullah S, et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms caused by scabies mites (Sarcoptes scabiei): a case report. Urol Case Rep 2023; 49: 102451.","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","article-title":"Lessons abound for dermatologists when animal health and human health intersect","author":"Watkins T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watkins T. Lessons abound for dermatologists when animal health and human health intersect. MDedge Dermatology 2017. https:\/\/www.mdedge.com\/dermatology\/article\/147784\/medical-dermatology\/lessons-abound-dermatologists-when-animal-health-and (accessed 11 July 2025).","journal-title":"MDedge Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874205X-v16-e2202071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2006.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.02806.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","unstructured":"Mayo Clinic Staff 2023. Mayo Clinic website https:\/\/www.mayoclinic.org\/diseases-conditions\/melanoma\/symptoms-causes\/syc-20374884 (accessed 8 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","article-title":"New diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease available at Pacific Neuroscience Institute","author":"Petrossian M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Petrossian M. New diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease available at Pacific Neuroscience Institute. Pacific Neuroscience Institute 2021. https:\/\/www.pacificneuroscienceinstitute.org\/blog\/parkinsons-disease\/new-diagnostic-test-parkinsons-disease-available-at-pacific-neuroscience-institute\/ (accessed 21 July 2025).","journal-title":"Pacific Neuroscience Institute"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","unstructured":"DISCERNT\u2122. The DISCERN test: revolutionizing Alzheimer's diagnosis with over 95% accuracy. 2024. https:\/\/www.discerntest.com\/post\/the-discern-test-revolutionizing-alzheimers-diagnosis-with-over-95-accuracy (28 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","unstructured":"FDA. FDA clears first blood test used in diagnosing Alzheimer's disease. FDA. 2025. www.fda.gov\/new-events\/press-announcements\/fda-clears-first-blood-test-used-diagnosing-alzheimers-disease (21 July 2025)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251412923","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877251412923","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877251412923","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:10:03Z","timestamp":1777371003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877251412923"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877251412923"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877251412923","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]}}}