{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T11:10:34Z","timestamp":1778670634469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects \u2013 Major Special Project on Four Major Chronic Diseases","award":["2024ZD0531803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0531803"]}]},{"name":"2024 Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Foundation","award":["24YJC890031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJC890031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are prevalent conditions in the aging population, with growing evidence indicating a synergistic detrimental effect on brain function when comorbid. However, the distinct neurofunctional signatures of comorbid T2DM-MCI remain poorly characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the characteristic brain activation patterns and functional network connectivity in elderly patients with comorbid T2DM-MCI, compared to those with T2DM alone or MCI alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional study,75 elderly participants (T2DM\u2009=\u200925, MCI\u2009=\u200925, T2DM-MCI\u2009=\u200925) underwent functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a verbal fluency task, a 2-back task, single walking, and a dual-task (2-back while walking), followed by 8-min resting-state recording. Task-evoked cortical activation and resting-state functional connectivity were analyzed and compared across groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During cognitive tasks, the T2DM-MCI group showed significantly reduced activation in prefrontal and motor cortices compared to single-disease groups. Dual-task performance specifically revealed hypoactivation in ventrolateral prefrontal and occipital regions in T2DM-MCI. Resting-state analysis demonstrated globally diminished functional connectivity in T2DM-MCI, particularly within prefrontal-motor networks and interhemispheric connections, whereas no significant differences were found between T2DM and MCI groups alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Comorbid T2DM-MCI exhibits a unique dual-pathology profile characterized by concurrent reductions in task-evoked activation and resting-state network connectivity, suggesting compromised neural efficiency from synergistic metabolic and neurodegenerative processes. These impairments may serve as sensitive biomarkers for early detection of diabetes-associated cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Trial registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                      The Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) registration # ChiCTR2400084469 (\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\">https:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261418992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T08:46:45Z","timestamp":1771404405000},"page":"981-993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristic activation pattern and network connectivity of brain in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with mild cognitive impairment: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4755-157X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jincheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hualei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yingdong Intelligent Technology (Shandong) Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shandong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dewei","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7614-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghui","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Sport University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed NA","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 2023; 46: S19\u2013S40.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1581-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100944"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110976"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.798652"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02425-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317518791401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"3323","article-title":"Functional near-infrared spectroscopy of prefrontal cortex during memory encoding and recall in elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2022","author":"Zhao F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao F, Tomita MR, Dutta A. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy of prefrontal cortex during memory encoding and recall in elderly with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2022; 2022: 3323\u20133326.","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00141"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2023.2287735"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266553"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70614-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.04.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7845104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05378-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09455-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290260138627"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3259069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.2024.00076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3783-10.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"1112","article-title":"Characteristic activation pattern and network connectivity of prefrontal cortex in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder during a verbal fluency task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study based on network-based statistic prediction","volume":"114","author":"Zhang JM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang JM, Liu XB, Li YX, et al. Characteristic activation pattern and network connectivity of prefrontal cortex in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder during a verbal fluency task: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study based on network-based statistic prediction. Neuroendocrinology 2024; 114: 1112\u20131123.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0119-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-1323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26579-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.728007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.05958.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00490"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1305571"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","article-title":"Inversion of a large-scale circuit model reveals a cortical hierarchy in the dynamic resting human brain","volume":"5","author":"Wang P","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang P, Kong R, Kong X, et al. Inversion of a large-scale circuit model reveals a cortical hierarchy in the dynamic resting human brain. Sci Adv 2019; 5: eaat7854.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.01016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052687"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.10.005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261418992","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877261418992","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261418992","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T10:21:40Z","timestamp":1778667700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877261418992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877261418992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877261418992","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]]}}}