{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T17:52:29Z","timestamp":1784137949934,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 AG03949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AG03949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interpreting blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) in a multicultural cohort is complicated by inconsistent evidence on racial differences. Kidney function, which varies by race and influences biomarker levels, is often overlooked, potentially contributing to these inconsistencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize racial differences in plasma levels of ADRD biomarkers after adjusting for comorbidities and assessed the impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) adjustment using either race-specific or race-neutral equations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data from the Einstein Aging Study, a multicultural cohort of older adults, included plasma biomarkers (A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>40<\/jats:sub>\n                      , A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\n                      , pTau181, NfL, GFAP). Linear regression models evaluated racial differences in AD plasma biomarkers, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, kidney function assessed via race-adjusted (eGFR-ASR) and race-neutral (eGFR-AS) equations, comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease), and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 carrier status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 269 participants, Black participants had lower plasma levels of A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>40<\/jats:sub>\n                      (p\u2009=\u20090.004), A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\n                      (p\u2009=\u20090.002), and NfL (p\u2009=\u20090.022) compared to White participants. We observed modest variation in the magnitude of racial differences depending on the method used to adjust for kidney function. However, race differences remained after adjusting for comorbidities or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 carrier status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Observed racial differences in ADRD biomarkers remain unexplained by kidney function, comorbidities or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 carrier status. Future research focusing on associations between blood-based biomarkers and gold standards of brain pathology in multicultural cohorts are essential to advance the usability of blood biomarkers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261426582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T06:19:43Z","timestamp":1774505983000},"page":"1766-1777","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Generalizability of blood-based biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in a multicultural cohort of older adults: The effect of adjustment for kidney function"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6062-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Garc\u00eda de la Garza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"},{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"},{"name":"Data Science Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"},{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Derby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1236-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenny Q.","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, M\u00f6lndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Sahlgrenska University Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, InnoHK, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Engeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7524-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mindy J.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Einstein College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202114408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00361-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00665-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101446"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"1797","article-title":"Plasma p-tau231 and p-tau217 as state markers of amyloid-\u03b2 pathology in preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Mil\u00e0-Alom\u00e0 M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mil\u00e0-Alom\u00e0 M, Ashton NJ, Shekari M, et al. 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