{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:37:57Z","timestamp":1783971477973,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W006774\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W006774\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies investigating associations between adverse experiences across the life-course and dementia consider a narrow range of experiences and use sum scores which assume each experience has the same impact on dementia risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a greater understanding of how patterns of adversity influence associations with dementia through consideration of timing, type and cumulation of adverse experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing measured adverse life experiences in a life history interview. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate associations between dementia and three types of exposure: sum scores, individual experiences, and categories of similar experiences. We used linear hypothesis testing to assess whether associations between each experience and dementia differed significantly.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A linear relationship between dementia and number of adult adverse experiences (HR:1.09, 95% CI:1.01\u20131.16), but not total or childhood experiences, was observed. When adverse experiences were considered separately, child abuse was associated with a 74% higher hazard of dementia (HR:1.74, 95% CI:1.25\u20132.43) and adult economic hardship was associated with a 32% higher hazard of dementia (HR:1.32, 95% CI:1.06\u20131.66). Associations between dementia and adverse experiences in childhood were heterogenous, showing greater variability than expected about a common hazard ratio (p\u2009=\u20090.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adulthood adverse experiences associate with dementia in a cumulative risk manner. In childhood, only abuse was associated with dementia. Use of sum scores to operationalize adverse experiences throughout the life-course may oversimplify associations with dementia. Both type and timing of experience influence the association. Work to prevent adverse experiences must span the life-course.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261431801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T12:14:33Z","timestamp":1775045673000},"page":"410-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The association between adverse experiences throughout the life-course and risk of dementia in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8389-1921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Division of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Howe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, St Georges School of Health and Medical Sciences, City St George's, University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Carslake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit"},{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Division of Psychiatry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8635-9521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naaheed","family":"Mukadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Division of Psychiatry"},{"name":"UCLH Mental Health Liaison Team, North London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society. The economic impact of dementia Module 1: Annual costs of dementia. https:\/\/www.alzheimers.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-05\/the-annual-costs-of-dementia.pdf (2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01296-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-04287-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199601)11:1<15::AID-GPS262>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-023-02140-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00018-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-022-01385-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.02.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07192-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.20740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.3299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02676-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520935096"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000313"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","article-title":"Associations and mediating pathways between childhood adversity and risk of dementia: a cohort study in the UK Biobank","volume":"79","author":"Hu W","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hu W, Zhang W, Liu B, et al. Associations and mediating pathways between childhood adversity and risk of dementia: a cohort study in the UK Biobank. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med 2004; 79: glae121.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105872"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) . https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/adverse-childhood-experiences-international-questionnaire-(ace-iq) (2020 accessed 12 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"dementia_trends_ELSA\/2023 Sensitivity Analysis incidence trend_fully consistent_ELSA_GitHub.do at main \u00b7 sahmadiabhari\/dementia_trends_ELSA \u00b7 GitHub https:\/\/github.com\/sahmadiabhari\/dementia_trends_ELSA\/blob\/main\/2023%20Sensitivity%20Analysis%20incidence%20trend_fully%20consistent_ELSA_GitHub.do (accessed 19 November 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00019-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","article-title":"Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within community dwelling populations","volume":"7","author":"Quinn TJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Quinn TJ, Fearon P, Noel-Storr AH, et al. Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within community dwelling populations. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 7: CD010079.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R","volume":"45","author":"van Buuren S","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Softw 2011; 45: 1\u201367.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"linearHypothesis: Test Linear Hypothesis in car: Companion to Applied Regression https:\/\/rdrr.io\/rforge\/car\/man\/linearHypothesis.html (accessed 5 March 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2024.133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnac041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672050281539231222071355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.08.097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.81"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01553-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231192922"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261431801","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877261431801","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261431801","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T08:23:49Z","timestamp":1783412629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877261431801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877261431801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877261431801","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}