{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T09:14:18Z","timestamp":1783415658714,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG080451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG080451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Increasing evidence implicates herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The genome-wide association studies have not detected any genes regulating antibody responses to HSV1.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To determine whether the magnitude of antibody responses to HSV1 and to its glycoprotein D (gD) differed between AD patients and controls. Using a candidate gene approach, determine if the antibody responses were associated with immunoglobulin GM (\u03b3 marker) and KM (\u03ba marker) allotypes\u2014hereditary antigenic determinants of \u03b3 and \u03ba chains, respectively. We also aimed to determine whether GM and KM allotypes epistatically interacted with an AD risk gene\u2014reelin-encoding\n RELN<\/jats:italic>\n (rs2299356)\u2014and contributed to immunity to HSV1 and HSV1-gD.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, TaqMan\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n , and rhAMP\n \u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n SNP genotyping assays. IgG antibodies to HSV1 and HSV1-gD were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Anti-HSV1 antibody levels were not significantly different between AD cases and controls; however, anti-HSV1-gD antibody levels were over two-fold higher (p\u2009<\u20090.0001) in AD cases compared to controls. GM 23 allele was associated with higher anti-HSV1 antibody levels in both cases and controls. Potential interaction between KM and\n RELN<\/jats:italic>\n rs2299356 alleles on antibody responses to HSV1-gD was detected in AD cases, but not in controls.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n In view of the fact that HSV1-gD is a vaccine candidate, the findings of higher anti-HSV1-gD antibody levels in AD patients and potential interaction of KM and\n RELN<\/jats:italic>\n rs2299356 alleles in this study warrant additional large-scale multiethnic studies on this issue.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261431862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:24:06Z","timestamp":1773840246000},"page":"365-370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunoglobulin allotypes and\n RELN<\/i>\n alleles and humoral immunity to HSV1 in patients with Alzheimer's disease and matched controls"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janardan P.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryan M.","family":"Namboodiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3933-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J.","family":"Nietert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South 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