{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T23:14:27Z","timestamp":1785453267321,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual destruction of cognitive and behavioral functions. Despite the continuous research efforts, there is still no cure for this disease. In recent years, researchers have investigated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as a potential cause of AD.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. gingivalis-<\/jats:italic>\n                    lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and gingipains have been implicated in neuroinflammatory cascades relevant to AD. The gut-brain axis provides a pathway for microbial migration, immune activation, and regulation of the central nervous system function. Emerging evidence suggests that selected probiotics may modulate these pathways by restoring microbial balance, reinforcing epithelial barrier function, and regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Importantly, much of the evidence and mechanistic support for these effects derives from preclinical and animal studies, whereas human data remain limited to associative findings and early-stage clinical trials. Early clinical trials report modest improvements in cognitive scores and systemic inflammatory markers. Strain selection, dose, and treatment duration make direct comparisons challenging. This review integrates the literature on the links between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and AD, suggesting that probiotics may be used as neuroprotective agents. Taken together, current preclinical signals are consistent with the potential of probiotics as feasible adjuncts, pending confirmatory trials with standardized formulations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261432686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T14:48:27Z","timestamp":1775486907000},"page":"471-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From periodontitis to neurodegeneration: Can probiotics modulate the\n                    <i>P. gingivalis<\/i>\n                    \u2013amyloid pathway in Alzheimer's disease?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0327-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaynab","family":"Sharif-Askari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Concordia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5022-299X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadija","family":"Atoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition and Food Technology Department, School of Arts &amp; Sciences, Lebanese International University, Nabatieh Campus, Nabatieh, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0669-9630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa","family":"El Zein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, School of Arts &amp; Sciences, Lebanese International University, Tyre Campus, Tyre, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9680-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, School of Arts &amp; Sciences, Lebanese International University, Tyre Campus, Tyre, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1541-0849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehssan","family":"Sharif Askari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Department, School of Arts &amp; Sciences, Lebanese International University, Tyre Campus, Tyre, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Alzheimer disease","author":"Kumar A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kumar A, Sidhu J, Lui F, et al. 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