{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:09:49Z","timestamp":1779181789240,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal imaging is proposed as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease, but evidence linking retinal changes to cerebral amyloid remains inconsistent, particularly in preclinical populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article evaluates whether retinal structural and microvascular changes measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCT-A) are associated with cerebral amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) burden assessed by positron emission tomography (PET).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched on November 10, 2025. Two reviewers independently did screening, extraction, and quality assessment. Extracted outcomes included macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell\u2013inner plexiform layer thickness, vessel density, foveal avascular zone size, and PET tracers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two studies including 1616 participants met inclusion criteria. Fifteen assessed OCT, five OCT-A, and two both. Among cognitively normal individuals, seven studies compared retinal nerve fiber layer thickness by A\u03b2 status, with only one reporting a significant difference. Overall, OCT metrics showed no consistent differences by A\u03b2 status. OCT-A results were similarly inconsistent, with one study linking larger foveal avascular zone to A\u03b2 positivity. Substantial heterogeneity in imaging devices, segmentation methods, and PET quantification was observed, and few studies adjusted for these factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence does not demonstrate a consistent relationship between retinal OCT or OCT-A metrics and cerebral A\u03b2 burden measured by PET. Methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and limited statistical rigor contribute to inconclusive results. Standardized imaging protocols and longitudinal studies are required to determine whether retinal imaging can serve as a reliable non-invasive biomarker for early Alzheimer's disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261433198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:59:13Z","timestamp":1774274353000},"page":"518-529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between retinal neurodegeneration assessed by optical coherence tomography and PET-detected cerebral amyloid burden in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9305-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"KamaliZonouzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0608-2209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mobina","family":"Amanollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melina","family":"Farshbafnadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4524-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahsa","family":"Dolatshahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9086-0105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cyrus A.","family":"Raji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81301-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000439257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.604049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1957169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-230042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134750"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-025-07076-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2020.16.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 Explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, et al. 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