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While elevated iron in AD has been shown, the oxidation state of iron and its regional distribution in AD, particularly in the hippocampus, is unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the oxidation state and spatial distribution of iron in the hippocampus of AD and control brains, and to assess the effect of tissue thawing on ferrous iron measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We utilized X-ray fluorescence imaging and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy to localize and analyze iron deposition in fresh-frozen human hippocampal specimens stratified by AD disease stage. To assess the effect of thawing on iron oxidation, we used a cryo-chamber to keep three specimens frozen while their respective deposits were being scanned. These specimens were then allowed to thaw and their same deposits were rescanned for comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to control brains, AD specimens exhibited elevated levels of ferrous iron (Fe\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1)-subiculum subfields\u2014regions known to degenerate early in AD. We also measured a decrease in Fe\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      levels in AD and control specimens scanned after being thawed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our findings support the association between elevated Fe\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and AD, consistent with existing hypotheses linking redox-active iron to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The observed reduction in Fe\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      levels following thawing suggests that studies using thawed brain samples may underestimate Fe\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261435561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T08:26:09Z","timestamp":1776068769000},"page":"689-702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterizing ferrous versus ferric iron in Alzheimer's disease using X-ray fluorescence imaging and XANES spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5575-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford 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