{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T09:09:54Z","timestamp":1779181794220,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eye movement is a vital indicator of neurodegenerative diseases, brain health, and behavior. However, existing knowledge is limited to patient populations or cross-sectional samples. Little is known about eye movement in association with longitudinal cognitive and mobility decline in aging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigate relationships between eye movement features with cognitive impairment, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and longitudinal decline in cognition and mobility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 543 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants (mean age\u2009=\u200971 years), we examined associations of eye movements with cognitive impairment of any severity, vascular conditions, and falls using logistic regression, and up to 18-year longitudinal changes in cognition and mobility using linear mixed-effects models. Four eye movement features (saccade, smooth pursuit, vergence, optokinetic nystagmus) were derived from a portable eye-tracking perimeter (Neurolign Dx100) using machine learning Least Absolute Shrinkage Selection Operator regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher saccade, smooth pursuit, and vergence were bivariately or marginally associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment, including AD, and vascular diseases. In age- and sex-adjusted models, higher saccade was associated with slower declines in cognition (attention: Trail Making Test-Part A), mobility, and balance. Higher smooth pursuit was associated with slower decline in mobility and balance. Higher vergence was associated with slower cognitive decline (executive function: Trail Making Test-Part B; visuoperceptual speed: Digit Symbol Substitution Test). Higher optokinetic nystagmus was associated with lower odds of falls and slower decline in balance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Select eye movement features may be indicators of age-related cognitive and mobility decline. Future studies are warranted to investigate underlying neuroimaging markers and brain pathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261435981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T12:13:33Z","timestamp":1775045613000},"page":"782-791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Eye movement features are associated with cognitive and mobility decline"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2706-1439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qu","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin E.","family":"Greig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla M.","family":"Hamwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Resnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.284"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S361946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.273"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2021.1900077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1197567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0b013e318223f6c6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000456"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.12.1416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","volume-title":"California Verbal Learning Test\u2013Second Edition (CVLT \u2013II)","author":"Delis DC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, et al. California Verbal Learning Test\u2013Second Edition (CVLT \u2013II). Washington, DC: APA PsycTests, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"Trail Making Test: Manual for administration and scoring","author":"Reitan RM","year":"1992","unstructured":"Reitan RM. Trail Making Test: Manual for administration and scoring. 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