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However, the literature on sex differences in longitudinal AD trajectories is sparse, particularly in ethnically diverse samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine sex differences in verbal learning and memory, as well as clinical symptoms, in clinically normal non-Hispanic white (NHW) and Hispanic\/Latino (HL) cohorts longitudinally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We examined longitudinal sex effects on verbal learning and memory (Spanish-English Verbal Learning Test) and clinical symptoms (Clinical Dementia Rating Scale-Sum of Boxes) in NHW (n\u2009=\u2009529) and HL (n\u2009=\u2009439) participants with available AD biomarkers (plasma A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>40<\/jats:sub>\n                      and hippocampal volume) who were clinically normal at baseline and completed follow-up assessment 18\u201324 months later.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In both cohorts, women demonstrated higher verbal learning and memory scores at baseline (ps\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the NHW cohort, longitudinal sex differences were observed in verbal learning and memory, with women maintaining performance over time, whereas men's performance declined (p\u2009=\u20090.071 and p\u2009=\u20090.020, respectively). In the HL cohort, longitudinal sex differences were observed in clinical symptoms, with men demonstrating greater decline than women (p\u2009=\u20090.033). Trajectories of decline did not significantly differ between ethnic cohorts. AD biomarkers did not moderate observed effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the potential impact of ethnicity on sex-based differences in cognitive decline in older adulthood. Future work is needed to determine best practices for tracking progression along the AD continuum, particularly within the preclinical phase.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261444759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T14:27:25Z","timestamp":1776954445000},"page":"1830-1838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of sex on trajectories of verbal learning and memory and clinical symptoms in diverse Alzheimer's disease cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6699-9679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor F.","family":"Levine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Genna M.","family":"Mashinchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropsychology, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad L.","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech University School of Veterinary Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica Z. 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