{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:51:17Z","timestamp":1791809477397,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R13AG023033-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R13AG023033-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AG059300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG059300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AG009740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG009740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Latino immigrants in the United States represent diverse national origins, with Mexicans comprising the largest group. Cognitive health disparities among Latino immigrants may reflect differences in migration experiences, including age at migration, socioeconomic differences, and acculturation. Whether Mexican immigrants differ from Latin American immigrants in cognitive outcomes remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the independent and interactive effects of Mexican origin and age at migration on cognitive levels and decline compared to other Latin American immigrants. We also test whether socioeconomic and acculturation factors help explain differences in cognitive outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data came from 2077 Latino immigrants in the Health and Retirement Study (2014\u20132020). Cognition was assessed using the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Mixed-effects models evaluated the main and interaction effects of origins and age at migration on age-related decline, controlling for demographic, health-related, socioeconomic, and acculturation covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mexican immigrants had significantly lower cognitive levels than Latin American immigrants. However, after adjusting for socioeconomic indicators and language acculturation, Mexican immigrants demonstrated higher cognitive scores. Among Mexicans, late-life migration was associated with significantly poorer cognitive levels, which persisted after accounting for socioeconomic and acculturation factors. No significant differences were observed in rates of cognitive decline by origin or age at migration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Late-life migration is associated with poorer cognitive outcomes among Mexican immigrants. Findings indicate that socioeconomic and acculturation factors mask underlying differences in cognitive performance between Mexican and Latin American immigrants, underscoring the need to consider both migration experiences and social context when evaluating cognitive disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261446976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T07:03:01Z","timestamp":1778310181000},"page":"1648-1659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive function in immigrants from Mexico and Latin America: The role of age at migration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3480-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy E.","family":"Tsotsoros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rhode Island"},{"name":"University of Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5455-4581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carm\u00edn A.","family":"Centeno Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ponce Health Sciences University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-5409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Austin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ileana","family":"De Anda-Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tulane University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine J.","family":"Ajrouch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving E.","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University"},{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Older Mexicans and Latinos in the United States: where worlds meet","author":"Garc\u00eda C","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda C, Garcia MA, Sheftel MG. Heritage, birthplace, age at migration, and education as life course mechanisms influencing cognitive aging among Latinos. In: Angel JL, Torres-Gil FM, Markides KS (eds) Older Mexicans and Latinos in the United States: where worlds meet. Cham: Springer, 2024, pp.119\u2013150."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Latina\/os in the United States: Diversity and change. 2nd ed","author":"S\u00e1enz R","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00e1enz R, Morales MC, Rayo-Garza C. Latina\/os in the United States: Diversity and change. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Stepler R Brown A. Hispanics in the United States statistical portrait. Report. Pew Research Center Washington DC September 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0023879100016770"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040119-094211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000184"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac153"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbac133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1867-2_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-018-0088-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Handbook of life course health development","author":"Halfon N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Halfon N, Forrest CB. The emerging theoretical framework of life course health development. In: Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, Faustman EM (eds) Handbook of life course health development. Cham: Springer, 2017, pp.19\u201343."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Migration: a social determinant of the health of migrants","volume":"16","author":"Davies AA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Davies AA, Basten A, Frattini C. Migration: a social determinant of the health of migrants. Eurohealth (Lond) 2009; 16: 10\u201312.","journal-title":"Eurohealth (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429281181-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2024.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2024.1458553"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/workar\/wax032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","volume-title":"Public use dataset. Report","author":"Health and Retirement Study","year":"2025","unstructured":"Health and Retirement Study. Public use dataset. Report. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Contextualizing health and aging in the americas: effects of space, time and place","author":"D\u00edaz-Venegas C","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Venegas C, Downer B, Langa KM, et al. Cognitive functioning of US adults by race and hispanic origin. In: Angel JL, Torres-Gil FM, Markides KS (eds) Contextualizing health and aging in the americas: effects of space, time and place. Cham: Springer, 2018, pp.85\u2013107."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","article-title":"Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: the Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study","volume":"66","author":"Crimmins EM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crimmins EM, Kim JK, Langa KM, et al. Assessment of cognition using surveys and neuropsychological assessment: the Health and Retirement Study and the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2011; 66: i162\u2013i171.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Faul JD Rodgers WL Weir DR. Health and Retirement Study imputation of cognitive functioning measures. Report University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Heeringa SG. Imputation of item missing data in the Health and Retirement Survey. In: Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods; 1993; Alexandria (VA). Alexandria (VA): American Statistical Association 1993 pp. 107-116."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"McCammon R Fisher G Hassan H et al. Health and Retirement Study imputation of cognitive functioning measures: 1992\u20132018. Report University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaf249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"215","article-title":"Modeling change in longitudinal studies: use age only or initial age and time","volume":"63","author":"Morell CH","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morell CH, Brant LJ, Ferrucci L. Modeling change in longitudinal studies: use age only or initial age and time. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63: 215\u2013222.","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089826439600800304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu095"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15030431"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986303025002001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17721-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors among Latino immigrant subgroups","volume":"12","author":"Elias S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elias S, Turkson-Ocran R, Koirala B, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors among Latino immigrant subgroups. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12: e027433.","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxp008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610394661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","article-title":"Education, occupation, and cognitive function","volume":"79","author":"Gutierrez M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gutierrez M, Wahrendorf M, Milani S, et al. Education, occupation, and cognitive function. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2024; 79: gbad155.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417235-7.00007-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa189"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M724"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","article-title":"Dementia risk index for Mexican Americans","volume":"64","author":"Downer B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Downer B, Kumar A, Veeranki SP, et al. Dementia risk index for Mexican Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64: e265\u2013e269.","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264310376540"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2007.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2018.1547370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","article-title":"Life events and cognitive decline","volume":"66","author":"Comijs HC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Comijs HC, van den Kommer TN, Minnaar RW, et al. Life events and cognitive decline. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2011; 66: i111\u2013i120.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1334827"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199403000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710000706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.12.3.410"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geroni\/igy023.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","unstructured":"Bugliari D Carroll J Hayden O et al. RAND HRS longitudinal file 2020 (V1) documentation. Report RAND Center for the Study of Aging Santa Monica CA 2023."}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261446976","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877261446976","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261446976","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:43:50Z","timestamp":1791809030000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877261446976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877261446976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877261446976","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]]}}}