{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T09:45:29Z","timestamp":1782812729709,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000320","name":"Alzheimer's Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["546 (AS-PhD-19b-012)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["546 (AS-PhD-19b-012)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Numerous studies suggest that periodontal diseases might be associated with the development of dementia, but the causality is inconclusive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to explore the casual effect of periodontal diseases on all-cause dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The UK Biobank (UKB) data (n\u2009=\u2009\u223c500,000) has been implemented, where participants were divided into two independent groups (2\/3train and 1\/3test). The exposure is the self-reported periodontal diseases, and the outcome is all-cause dementia measured by both clinical diagnoses based on ICD10 and ICD9 codes, and self-reported dementia. Four sets of genetic instruments were developed based on four different thresholds (main approach: p\u2009&lt;\u20095\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; alternative approach I: p\u2009&lt;\u20095\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; alternative approach II: p\u2009&lt;\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; and alternative approach III: the best-fit p-value threshold calculated by polygenic risk score). The causal association between periodontal diseases and dementia was assessed by inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and mode-based estimate models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of genetic instruments included in these four approaches varied from 3 to 1020, after passing the MR assumption checks. Most MR results suggested no causal association between periodontal diseases and dementia except the IVW model from main approach (coefficient beta: \u22120.816, 95% confidence interval, CI (\u22121.617, \u22120.015)) and the weighted median model from alternative approach II (beta: 0.077 95%CI (0.006, 0.149)) suggested potential causal relationship between periodontal diseases and dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed inconsistent evidence of causal link between periodontal diseases and dementia using UKB. Future studies are needed with clinically defined periodontal diseases to better understand the causal link.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261450558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T07:43:43Z","timestamp":1779349423000},"page":"273-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Periodontal diseases and all-cause dementia risk: Genetic instrument analyses in half a million UK Biobank participants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"112","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1163-2751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyi","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"},{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary, University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Iles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"},{"name":"NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bunce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huabin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Carolina University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Pavitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary, University of London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Timothy","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2770-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"},{"name":"King's College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14757"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","article-title":"Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians","volume":"362","author":"Davies NM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. 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