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This article integrates evidence that highlights the role of lysosomal function and the autophagy\u2013lysosomal pathway in maintaining intracellular homeostasis and the effects of their dysfunction on protein secretion and metabolic disorders, leading to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tau diseases. Dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway is believed to be the main factor leading to the accumulation of amyloid-\u03b2 and tau proteins, which are also pathological features of AD. This article also discusses why autophagy is indispensable in the early to mature stages of neuronal development and how damage to the function of autophagy can cause neurodevelopmental abnormalities and neurodegenerative diseases. We also summarized the potential role of oligodendrocytes. We believe that its relationship with lysosomes can provide a new perspective and research direction for future research on neurodegenerative diseases. 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