{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:38:07Z","timestamp":1792881487090,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["7242067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7242067"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271464"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271464"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Hospitals Authority\u2019s Ascent Plan","award":["DFL20240805"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFL20240805"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal structural and microvascular alterations detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) have emerged as promising biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the extent to which retinal changes reflect cerebral neurodegenerative and vascular pathology and contribute to cognitive impairment remains incompletely characterized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the relationships among retinal OCT\/OCTA metrics, cerebral neuroimaging markers, and global cognitive performance in patients with AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>115 AD and 101 cognitively unimpaired controls underwent OCT\/OCTA imaging, 3.0T brain magnetic resonance imaging, and neuropsychological assessment. Retinal structural measures, including peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thicknesses, and retinal microvascular densities of the superficial vascular complex (SVC) and deep vascular complex were analyzed alongside white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, hippocampal volume, and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with controls, patients with AD exhibited significantly thinner pRNFL and GCIPL and lower SVC density (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Retinal structural and microvascular alterations were associated with greater WMH burden, hippocampal atrophy, increased SVD burden, and lower Mini-Mental State Examination and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (all p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Significant interactions were observed between GCIPL thickness and periventricular WMH volume in relation to cognitive performance. Mediation analyses demonstrated that WMH volume and SVD burden partially mediated the association between reduced SVC density and cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal OCT\/OCTA metrics are associated with cerebral neurodegenerative and vascular abnormalities and reflect cognitive dysfunction in AD, supporting their potential utility as accessible, noninvasive biomarkers for disease assessment and monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261470439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T13:44:19Z","timestamp":1784727859000},"page":"721-733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Retinal structural and microvascular alterations as biomarkers of cerebral pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: An OCT\/OCTA study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5133-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9633-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Robert","family":"Kwapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7572-6162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1185-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2023.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0234-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.07.222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091414562107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01292-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 homozygosity exacerbates retinal and cerebral microvascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a mediation analysis of vascular contributions to cognitive decline","volume":"21","author":"Liu Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhu H, Wang Y, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 homozygosity exacerbates retinal and cerebral microvascular dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a mediation analysis of vascular contributions to cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement 2025; 21: e71000.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00724-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2019.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2019.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2016.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2017.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001673"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5496"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2024.101290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0103-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213001129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laso P Cerri S Sorby-Adams A et al. Quantifying white matter hyperintensity and brain volumes in heterogeneous clinical and low-field portable MRI. In: 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) 27\u201330 May 2024 2024 pp.1\u20135.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI56570.2024.10635502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70745"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71216"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13345"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00131-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01945-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.787775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.039369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70342"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.8.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70752"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70891"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02724-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034823"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2022.100157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","first-page":"712","article-title":"The value of OCT and OCTA as potential biomarkers for preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review study","volume":"11","author":"Lopez-Cuenca I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lopez-Cuenca I, Salobrar-Garcia E, Elvira-Hurtado L, et al. The value of OCT and OCTA as potential biomarkers for preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review study. Life (Basel) 2021; 11: 712.","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00998-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01495-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0718-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13871"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261470439","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877261470439","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261470439","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1789459820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877261470439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877261470439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877261470439","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]}}}