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Advancements in optical coherence tomography (OCT), retinal fundus imaging, and OCT angiography are examined for their capacity to capture structural and vascular biomarkers, including retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and microvascular alterations. AI architectures, including convolutional neural networks, vision transformers, and hybrid models, are evaluated for their accuracy in retinal biomarker analysis. Benchmark datasets, including public and private ones, are assessed for their role in supporting AI-based AD research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key challenges are identified, including data heterogeneity arising from variability in acquisition protocols and demographic representation, as well as computational complexity and limited model interpretability. Emerging approaches\u2014notably multimodal data integration and federated learning\u2014offer promising avenues for enhancing diagnostic accuracy while preserving patient privacy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The socioeconomic implications of integrating AI-based retinal imaging into clinical workflows are discussed. By synthesizing recent advancements, unresolved challenges, and future directions, this review underscores the transformative potential of AI-driven oculomics in facilitating early AD diagnosis and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261473304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T14:25:33Z","timestamp":1785507933000},"page":"987-1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Artificial intelligence in retinal imaging for early Alzheimer's disease detection: A review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4344-677X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mujeeb Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-1847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Masip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-13205-6.00009-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Gauthier S Webster C Sarvaes S et al. 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