{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:57:13Z","timestamp":1791881833455,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou","award":["2025A04J4169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J4169"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2023A1515010902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023A1515010902"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72104098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72104098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many studies have established associations between smoke exposure and both accelerated cognitive decline and systemic inflammation. However, their interrelationship remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to provide novel insights into the tripartite relationships linking smoke exposure, inflammatory biomarkers, and cognitive function among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed data from 2503 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011\u20132014) and 3263 participants in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011\u20132012). Serum cotinine was mainly used to assess smoke exposure in NHANES, while self-reported smoking status was used in CHARLS. Cognitive function was assessed using standard cognitive tests in NHANES and CHARLS. Inflammatory biomarkers included NLR, SII, leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte in NHANES and leukocyte in CHARLS. Linear regression, nonlinear threshold effect models, and mediation analysis examined associations and mediating effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher cotinine was associated with lower cognitive scores in NHANES (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.219,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In CHARLS, current smokers exhibited lower cognitive scores than never-smokers (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.090,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004). Neutrophil and leukocyte showed linear relationship with cognitive function in NHANES, while other inflammatory indicators showed significant nonlinear threshold effects. Mediation analysis revealed that neutrophil and leukocyte partially mediated 7.39% and 9.75% of the smoke-cognitive decline association.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking is related to cognitive decline in older adults from two national cohorts, with neutrophil and leukocyte partly mediating this link in the U.S. cohort. Interventions for smoking cessation and inflammation reduction may help mitigate cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261482025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T16:09:21Z","timestamp":1788883761000},"page":"1772-1785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Roles of smoke exposure and inflammatory biomarkers in cognitive function among older adults: Findings from two prospective cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5470-3996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1513-9811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangchun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, Yuebei People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8924-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences of Colleges and Universities in Guangdong Province for Collaborative Innovation of Health Management Policy and Precision Health Service, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Guangzhou Medical University"},{"name":"Local Government Development Research Institute of Shantou University, Shantou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-0279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feiying","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Medical University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2021.110471"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.258764"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02432-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-6-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-019-0090-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2023.100597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.205839"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2019.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00968-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07654-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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