{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:57:13Z","timestamp":1791881833537,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2CAG057441"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2CAG057441"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early detection of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a prodromal stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is critical for timely intervention. Declines in olfactory function seem to be a promising, non-invasive indicator of AD pathology, but screening research in underrepresented groups is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the diagnostic discrimination and exploratory utility of the NIH Toolbox Odor Identification Test (NIHTB-OIT) in distinguishing healthy aging from aMCI in older African American adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants included 93 healthy agers (81.7% female;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        M\n                        <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200973.85,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        SD\n                        <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.06) and 52 individuals with aMCI (69.2% female;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        M\n                        <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200974.37,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                        SD\n                        <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.26). NIHTB-OIT scores were analyzed using two-way ANCOVAs, controlling for age and education. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed diagnostic utility. The optimal cut-off score was determined using the Youden index, which maximizes combined sensitivity and specificity.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 status was examined in a subset of participants (64.8%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Healthy agers scored significantly higher than participants with aMCI (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019), and females performed significantly better than males (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031). ROC analysis demonstrated modest but significant discrimination with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.626 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.010). Using a cut-off score of 5.5 resulted in 76.3% specificity and 40.4% sensitivity. No significant differences were observed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 status or diagnosis-by-sex interactions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The NIHTB-OIT demonstrated modest discrimination between aMCI and healthy aging in African American older adults. Its brief administration time and high specificity support its potential as a rapid, low-burden adjunctive measure in community-based settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261483176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:38:02Z","timestamp":1789133882000},"page":"1886-1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the NIH Toolbox Odor Identification Test in African American older adults with and without amnestic mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1756-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berivan","family":"Ece","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2688-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicia","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine"},{"name":"Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Manly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Dalton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Parma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Gershon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily H.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"World health statistics 2025: monitoring health for the SDGs","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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