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Eligible studies reported cognitive outcomes, including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), or Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale\u2013Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool, and certainty of evidence was evaluated with GRADEpro. Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted in R using gemtc. The surface under the cumulative ranking curve was used to estimate intervention rankings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty randomized controlled trials involving 2856 participants and 11 categories of interventions were included. Among participants with available baseline age data, the weighted mean age was approximately 75 years; among those with available sex information, 1410 participants were female (54.0%). Dual-task training ranked first for MMSE (SUCRA = 88.84%) and MoCA (SUCRA = 90.67%). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) also showed favorable rankings for MMSE (SUCRA = 85.69%) and MoCA (SUCRA = 75.63%). For ADAS-Cog, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) ranked highest (SUCRA = 85.22%) and was the only intervention showing significant improvement compared with usual care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dual-task training and tDCS showed relatively consistent advantages on global cognitive screening outcomes in mild-to-moderate AD. rTMS showed the clearest benefit for ADAS-Cog, but this finding requires cautious interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261485496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T17:18:26Z","timestamp":1789233506000},"page":"33-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinical efficacy of non-pharmacological interventions on cognitive improvement in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9753-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Chinese Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun University of Chinese 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