{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T08:38:00Z","timestamp":1793090280128,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 ES017885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 ES017885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01 AG084821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01 AG084821"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG072931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG072931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG070897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG070897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While longitudinal studies aid in understanding and preventing long-latency disorders like dementia, evidence for cadmium's role in these conditions is still limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the association between cadmium exposure, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and all-cause dementia incidence in US adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988\u20131994) and continuous NHANES (1999\u20132016) data were linked with Medicare claims to identify incident AD and dementia cases through 2018. Urinary and\/or blood cadmium were measured during NHANES. We used covariate-adjusted, survey-weighted Cox proportional hazard models to evaluate the associations between cadmium exposure biomarkers and AD\/dementia over follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In NHANES III (N\u2009=\u20096122), mean baseline age was 53.9 years and urinary cadmium was 0.76\u2005\u00b5g\/L. Over a mean follow-up of 20.4 years, 743 AD and 1508 all-cause dementia cases occurred. Urinary cadmium was not associated with AD (HR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.9\u20131.0) nor all-cause dementia incidence (HR: 1.02, 95% CI: 0.96\u20131.08). In continuous NHANES (urinary cadmium N\u2009=\u20092833; blood cadmium N\u2009=\u20098038), mean baseline age was 64.1 years, urinary cadmium was 0.49\u2005\u00b5g\/L, and blood cadmium was 0.55\u2005\u00b5g\/L. Over mean 9.5 years, 587 AD and 1260 all-cause dementia cases occurred. Urinary and blood cadmium showed no associations with AD (HR [95% CI]: 1.09 [0.9, 1.4]; 1.06 [0.9, 1.2]) nor all-cause dementia (HR [95% CI]: 1.07 [0.9, 1.3]; 1.06 [0.95, 1.2]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No association between cadmium exposure and dementia incidence was observed. Our null findings should be interpreted in the context of potential methodological issues and should be verified by subsequent studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261487104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T14:03:06Z","timestamp":1789135386000},"page":"183-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cadmium exposure and incidence of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease in US adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6559-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanelli","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhramar","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yale School of Public Health, Yale University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0993-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Arboleda-Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Dodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger L.","family":"Albin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"},{"name":"University of Michigan"},{"name":"Neurology Service &amp; GRECC, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry L.","family":"Paulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan"},{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Kyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9605-6337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly M.","family":"Bakulski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"},{"name":"University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"2025 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"21","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. 2025 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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