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While Alzheimer's disease (AD), behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are primarily characterized by cognitive and motor symptoms, several other features such as non-motor symptoms are also known to occur in all these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess non-motor symptoms in early-stage dementia and characterize symptom profiles across different neurodegenerative dementia diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 64 AD, 38 bvFTD, and 17 DLB early-stage patients, along 63 cognitively healthy controls (HC), were prospectively recruited from Kuopio and Oulu University Hospitals. Non-motor symptoms were evaluated using the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ), focusing on gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, cognitive, sleep-related and sensory-motor domains within three timeframes prior to the baseline visit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DLB patients exhibited the highest prevalence of non-motor symptoms across all domains. bvFTD and AD patients did not show disease group specific symptoms, but apathy and paranoidal thoughts appeared earlier in bvFTD than AD or DLB. Diplopia was reported by 14% of DLB patients (Fisher exact test,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.035) one year before diagnosis. Neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms were more frequent in all dementia groups compared to HC (Fisher exact test,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-motor symptom profiles differ among these dementia subtypes even at early stages, suggesting their potential utility as early disease-specific indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261487345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T05:05:28Z","timestamp":1790053528000},"page":"267-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Non-motor symptoms questionnaire-based profiles in early-stage dementias: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3377-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mika","family":"Kinnunen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Vitikka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu"},{"name":"Medical Research Center"},{"name":"Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorit","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annakaisa","family":"Haapasalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Lle\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau"},{"name":"CIBERNED"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Belbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau"},{"name":"CIBERNED"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noora-Maria","family":"Suhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oulu"},{"name":"Medical Research Center"},{"name":"Neurocenter, Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9340-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Borroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Brescia"},{"name":"IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Portaankorva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"S\u00e4is\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"Neuro Center \u2013 Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasper","family":"Katisko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9940-9524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eino","family":"Solje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Eastern Finland"},{"name":"Neuro Center \u2013 Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2013.776523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"2014","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association. 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