{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1792787750081,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"strategic research programme SRP85 of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/006e5kg04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1805620N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1805620N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B040419N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B040419N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015400","name":"Fonds Erasme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003134","name":"Fonds pour la Formation \u00e0 la Recherche dans l\u2019Industrie et dans l\u2019Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003134","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Melatonin levels are altered in elderly people and might become even more disrupted in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. An inverse correlation between cerebrospinal fluid melatonin levels and severity of AD neuropathology has been described. There is an increased prevalence of subclinical epileptiform activity (SEA) in AD. Baseline melatonin levels have been described to be lower in epilepsy patients as compared to controls, suggesting antiepileptic effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare melatonin levels between AD participants and controls, to evaluate melatonin's potential use as biomarker for disease stage in AD and to evaluate the link between melatonin levels and SEA in AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AD subjects (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920) and healthy volunteers (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) underwent a 24-h-electro-encephalography (EEG), during which multiple blood and saliva samples were taken. Melatonin levels were analysed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (plasma) and radioimmunoassay (saliva). A subset of participants underwent 50-min resting magnetoencephalography and\/or high-density-EEG to detect SEA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma melatonin levels were significantly lower in AD as compared to controls at 23:00PM. Melatonin levels were similar between patients with AD dementia, MCI due to AD and preclinical AD subjects. Plasma and saliva melatonin levels at 04:00AM and 01:00AM, respectively, were significantly higher in AD participants with SEA as compared to those without.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Night-time melatonin levels might serve as a potential biomarker to identify AD patients at risk for SEA, based on exploratory findings. Whether this increase could be a compensatory feedback mechanism against SEA or whether melatonin rather has pro-epileptic effects, remains to be elucidated by further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261490539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T10:52:40Z","timestamp":1791456760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Melatonin as a potential biomarker for subclinical epileptiform activity in Alzheimer's disease: An exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7217-964X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber","family":"Nous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)"},{"name":"Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Seynaeve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)"},{"name":"Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Odile","family":"Feys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), H\u00f4pital Erasme, Department of Neurology, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Laboratoire de Neuroimagerie et Neuroanatomie translationnelles (LN2T), Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Wens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Laboratoire de Neuroimagerie et Neuroanatomie translationnelles (LN2T), Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), H\u00f4pital Erasme, Department of Translational Neuroimaging, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"De Ti\u00e8ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Laboratoire de Neuroimagerie et Neuroanatomie translationnelles (LN2T), Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), H\u00f4pital Erasme, Department of Translational Neuroimaging, Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"Van Mierlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilog NV, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Ghasemi","family":"Baroumand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilog NV, Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shana","family":"Mangelschots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Michiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"De Witte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)"},{"name":"Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy Melissa Jane","family":"Wittens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bjerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Ceyssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijke","family":"Gordijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chrono@Work, Groningen and Chronobiology Unit, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"De Weerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Van Eekchaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Nagels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence supported Modelling in clinical Sciences (AIMS) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Smolders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information (FASC), Research Group Experimental Pharmacology (EFAR), Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0304-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastiaan","family":"Engelborghs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)"},{"name":"Neuroprotection and Neuromodulation (NEUR) Research Group, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00788-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2003.00065.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1406-134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(00)00160-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131217"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.13.7185"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-025-01881-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.136"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.03.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-023-01373-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2013.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"492","article-title":"Monoaminergic mechanisms in epilepsy may offer innovative therapeutic opportunity for monoaminergic multi-target drugs","volume":"10","author":"Strac DS","year":"2016","unstructured":"Strac DS, Pivac N, Smolders IJ, et al. Monoaminergic mechanisms in epilepsy may offer innovative therapeutic opportunity for monoaminergic multi-target drugs. Front Neurosci 2016; 10: 492.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24820"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2024.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-019-0485-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2021.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0817"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2593-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00083"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2003.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2015.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(93)90030-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00255-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00510-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.637260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170925"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2006.00554.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.973114"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261490539","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877261490539","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261490539","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:55:27Z","timestamp":1791892527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877261490539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877261490539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877261490539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"article-number":"13872877261490539"}}