{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:47:34Z","timestamp":1792154854692,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791936000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 82302081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 82302081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. LQ24H090003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. LQ24H090003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While systemic insulin resistance (IR) is a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), its connections to broader cognitive conditions, particularly mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and specific cognitive domains, remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to explore the associations between IR surrogates and cognitive status, including AD, MCI, and normal cognition (NC) group, and to assess their association with domain-specific cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 381,818 UK Biobank participants were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to assess relationships between IR surrogates\u2014the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, TyG-waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR), and triglyceride-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG\/HDL-C) ratio\u2014and cognitive groups (AD, MCI, NC). Domain-specific cognitive functions, including prospective memory (PM) and reaction time (RT), were evaluated using multivariable linear regression, logistic models, and restricted cubic splines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TyG-WHtR was independently associated with MCI (adjusted odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.166, 95% CI: 1.084\u20131.255,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Elevated TG\/HDL-C and TyG-WHtR were both linked to slower RT (ORs\u2009&gt;\u20091,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereas RCS analysis revealed an inverted M-shaped nonlinear association between TyG and mean RT. All IR surrogates were significantly associated with poorer PM performance (ORs\u2009&lt;\u20091,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that elevated TyG-WHtR levels are independently associated with MCI. Higher TG\/HDL-C and TyG-WHtR correlate with slower processing speed, with TyG showing a unique nonlinear progression. All IR indices are also associated with poorer PM performance, suggesting potential metabolic markers linked with cognitive performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261494125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:52:53Z","timestamp":1791989573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-sectional associations of insulin resistance surrogate indices with cognitive disorders and cognitive performance in UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Zhinan","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital (Taizhou University Affiliated Municipal Hospital), School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 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School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruting","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"},{"name":"The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou 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