{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:55:04Z","timestamp":1792155304220,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project no. 10510032120002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project no. 10510032120002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Young-onset dementia (YOD) occurs when symptoms start before age 65 and affects about 3.9 million people globally. Variability in first symptoms, the young age, and prevalent non-cognitive symptoms pose challenges in recognizing YOD, leading to diagnostic delays. Better awareness and recognition of warning signs in primary care is essential for early YOD diagnosis, facilitating access to appropriate services and informal care arrangements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To gain insights into the prediagnostic phase of YOD by exploring literature on early symptoms and factors influencing a timely diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and PsycInfo. Two independent reviewers screened 5862 titles and abstracts and assessed 790 full texts. Data extraction used a standardized form, including time to diagnosis, early symptoms, barriers, and facilitators to YOD diagnosis. Review reporting followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Focus group discussions with people with YOD, caregivers, and healthcare professionals (HCPs) contextualized the review findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 225 studies. Time to diagnosis ranged from 4 months to 15 years across dementia subtypes. Early symptoms included memory problems, language difficulties, disorientation, personality changes, delusions, hallucinations, apathy, and depression. HCPs, people with YOD, and their caregivers often lacked awareness of YOD, which hindered diagnosis. However, persistence in seeking medical care, YOD-related services, and couples\u2019 agreements to seek professional help were essential facilitators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early signs of YOD include cognitive, behavioral, and affective symptoms. Lack of YOD awareness hinders diagnosis, highlighting the need to raise awareness among HCPs and the community to promote early identification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261495145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:12:55Z","timestamp":1791907975000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A scoping review on the time to diagnosis, early symptoms, and the barriers and facilitators of diagnosis in young-onset dementia"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6065-1668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2571-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stevie","family":"Hendriks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4036-4605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Line","family":"Damsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Dementia Research Centre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2398-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"K\u00f6hler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2113-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjolein","family":"de Vugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the YOD-INCLUDED consortium 1#","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5691"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2161"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320970199"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2019.1673699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-021166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2023.2248026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712001122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2015-0049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12949"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220001489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211001013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07411-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1966748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06056-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012231173013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012211009341"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012231155516"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"10. Scoping reviews - JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis - JBI Global Wiki https:\/\/jbi-global-wiki.refined.site\/space\/MANUAL\/355862497\/10.+Scoping+reviews (accessed 30 October 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"YOD-INCLUDED Young onset dementia. vilans_org https:\/\/www.vilans.org\/projects\/yod-included-young-onset-dementia (2024 accessed 28 October 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","volume-title":"Gordis epidemiology","author":"Celentano DD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Celentano DD, Szklo M, Gordis L. Gordis epidemiology. 6th edition. Elsevier, 2019.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301218793463"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","article-title":"Research ethics and collaborative research in health and social care: analysis of UK research ethics policies, scoping review of the literature, and focus group study","volume":"18","author":"Poli CD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Poli CD, Oyebode J. Research ethics and collaborative research in health and social care: analysis of UK research ethics policies, scoping review of the literature, and focus group study. PLoS One 2023; 18: e0296223.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/area.12936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"Foged L. Security and privacy: frequently asked questions. TurboScribe https:\/\/turboscribe.ai\/blog\/security-and-privacy-faq (2024 accessed 26 June 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"Qualitative analysis: Deductive and inductive approaches. Andrea J. Bingham Ph.D. https:\/\/www.andreajbingham.com\/resources-tips-and-tricks\/deductive-and-inductive-approaches-to-qualitative-analysis (accessed 28 October 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12397"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70323-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e318182d874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-021-00829-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-932201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.031948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821a44dd"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345780"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.20100266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1969640"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610214002580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175241309525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","article-title":"Referral patterns and diagnostic outcomes in an outpatient Australian tertiary cognitive neurology service: 2009\u20132019","volume":"17","author":"Sutherland A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sutherland A, Kyndt C, Darby D, et al. Referral patterns and diagnostic outcomes in an outpatient Australian tertiary cognitive neurology service: 2009\u20132019. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2025; 17: e70120.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1643514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70538"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000544772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.729381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.2008871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/scs.12290"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16958"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00048674251346681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2020.1857697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","first-page":"266","article-title":"Schizophrenia or frontotemporal dementia in a young Chinese female: a purview of possible diagnoses","volume":"22","author":"Grewal GS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grewal GS, Kanagasundram S, Jambunathan S. Schizophrenia or frontotemporal dementia in a young Chinese female: a purview of possible diagnoses. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2011; 22: 266\u2013268.","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatri Derg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","first-page":"937518","article-title":"Frontotemporal dementia, manifested as schizophrenia, with decreased heterochromatin on chromosome 1","volume":"2012","author":"Gourzis P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gourzis P, Skokou M, Polychronopoulos P, et al. Frontotemporal dementia, manifested as schizophrenia, with decreased heterochromatin on chromosome 1. Case Rep Psychiatry 2012; 2012: 937518.","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1192562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/168.4.333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e31826b9454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4943(87)90022-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4430"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","first-page":"405","article-title":"Referral patterns and diagnosis in presenile Alzheimer\u2019s disease: implications for general practice","volume":"44","author":"Newens AJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Newens AJ, Forster DP, Kay DW. Referral patterns and diagnosis in presenile Alzheimer\u2019s disease: implications for general practice. Br J Gen Pract 1994; 44: 405\u2013407.","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000102596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000228258"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.6.615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000124751"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0330-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540340027028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00006.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197704000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2010.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06382oli"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2012.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-003-0117-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-210309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30193-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.1133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.A938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-11976-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112793"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877261451197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1054137316651384"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2020.1848801"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301217724026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301216668661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S208424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2015.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17482631.2018.1490620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301216687436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301211430647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-026-10379-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251393589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2025.2568402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317510385811"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","first-page":"245","article-title":"Changes in life-quality, a possible symptom of dementia development","volume":"35","author":"Dadi\u0107-Hero E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dadi\u0107-Hero E, Grahovac T, Kovac M. Changes in life-quality, a possible symptom of dementia development. Coll Antropol 2011; 35: 245\u2013246.","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10673220590956492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000072325.27824.A5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.10.1289"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-225754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2016.1175635"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-233460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2010.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-130413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NUR.0b013e3181ecdc32"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.0246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1990.11024481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2011.00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2019.1590603"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.5.856"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-221065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-010014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492013000500014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495748"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2011.7.4.227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2019-100173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216002192"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210650"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710004823X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","first-page":"1493481","article-title":"Early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease masquerading as catatonia","volume":"2020","author":"Alakkas A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alakkas A, Meyer A, Debbold E, et al. Early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease masquerading as catatonia. Case Rep Neurol Med 2020; 2020: 1493481.","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.907799"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2005.00598.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.03.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","first-page":"248","article-title":"A case of young-onset dementia","volume":"17","author":"Liu K","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu K, Dai D, Wang K, et al. A case of young-onset dementia. Hong Kong Med J 2011; 17: 248\u2013251.","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.4.521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlab034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2019.1609523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_2","first-page":"19nr02570","article-title":"Dementia unspecified: a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"22","author":"Newhouse A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Newhouse A, Buch K, Chemali Z. Dementia unspecified: a multidisciplinary approach. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2020; 22: 19nr02570.","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00469"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.101.423.387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0128-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-8467(01)00114-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_156_2","first-page":"227","article-title":"A novel PS1 mutation (W165G) in a Japanese family with early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Higuchi S","year":"2000","unstructured":"Higuchi S, Yoshino A, Matsui T, et al. A novel PS1 mutation (W165G) in a Japanese family with early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Rep 2000; 3: 227\u2013231.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674377602100805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2004.00915.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2011.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.104.437.1000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2020-100283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_162_2","article-title":"A case report on young onset frontal temporal dementia presented as catatonia","volume":"64","author":"catherine A, Anushya, Neelakandan","year":"2022","unstructured":"catherine A, Anushya, Neelakandan. A case report on young onset frontal temporal dementia presented as catatonia. Indian J Psychiatry 2022; 64: S661\u2013S662.","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-015-0440-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000225"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2020-002730"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12765"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18662\/brain\/11.3Sup1\/133"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-02537-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S180174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-101413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06213-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642008DN10300014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11423-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.2.259"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2013.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ncn3.12319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.49.6.1732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1337"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1343279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230779"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2024.2345110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2024.2374544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_189_2","article-title":"Understanding the complexity of early-onset dementia","volume":"16","author":"Villa NAE","year":"2024","unstructured":"Villa NAE, Wen C, Espiridion ED. Understanding the complexity of early-onset dementia. Cureus 2024; 16: e57897.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-023-00742-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2024.2354545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015461"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.16564"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/OnlineFirst\/114122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X17000563"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_196_2","article-title":"A case report exploring early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease with no known family history","volume":"17","author":"Bains J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bains J, Ogunjobi O. A case report exploring early-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease with no known family history. Cureus 2025; 17: e90576.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/JNRP_39_2025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823251412896"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psycr.2025.100256"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823251388361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.71475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1688924"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00787-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70427"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40211-025-00555-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-026-04865-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317513494443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2019.28.21.1380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_209_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2017-0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/bjcn.2013.18.12.598"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_211_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2024.2345132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-240249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_213_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25100\/cm.v45i3.1562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317512466690"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27786"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.70134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5859"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471301220969269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_222_2","unstructured":"Caring for People With Young Onset Dementia: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Family Caregivers\u2019 Experiences. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services https:\/\/journals.healio.com\/doi\/10.3928\/02793695-20190821-02 (accessed 11 February 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100012907"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_224_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J200v02n04_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_225_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-6712.2001.1510034.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_226_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14713012251360600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_227_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09503153.2025.2574088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317720818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5368"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015746"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_231_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610220001118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_232_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334675"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_233_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2022.2040428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_234_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.70129"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.658934"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_236_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1278944"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_237_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251372148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_238_2","article-title":"Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)","volume":"2021","author":"Arevalo-Rodriguez I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Smailagic N, Roqu\u00e9-Figuls M, et al. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for the early detection of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 2021: CD010783.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_239_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_240_2","article-title":"Dementia overdiagnosis in younger, higher educated individuals based on MMSE alone: analysis using deep learning technology","volume":"40","author":"Kim H-G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim H-G, Bai D-S, Koo B-H, et al. Dementia overdiagnosis in younger, higher educated individuals based on MMSE alone: analysis using deep learning technology. J Korean Med Sci 2025; 40: e20.","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_241_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877251344562"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_242_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_243_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51849"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_244_2","unstructured":"Bruinsma J. Family caregivers of persons with young-onset dementia: tailoring web-based psychosocial support. Doctoral Thesis Maastricht University The Netherlands 2022. https:\/\/cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/91102384\/c7435.pdf (accessed 4 January 2025)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261495145","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/13872877261495145","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/13872877261495145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:19:16Z","timestamp":1792153156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/13872877261495145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"references-count":243,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/13872877261495145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13872877261495145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]]},"article-number":"13872877261495145"}}