{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:48:32Z","timestamp":1780501712164,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009047","name":"strategic research council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["decision numbers: 293103 and 314250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["decision numbers: 293103 and 314250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims: Examining the non-medical determinants of applying for and being awarded disability pension is important for assessing the functionality of the disability pension system. We examined how demographic and socioeconomic factors as well as factors related to the disability process associate with the probability of applying for disability pension and the probability of applicants being awarded pension in 2009 and 2014. Methods: 70% random samples of Finnish non-retired residents aged 18\u201364 in 2009 ( n = 2,076,881) and in 2014 ( n = 2,097,790) were analysed with logistic regression analysis. The application rates were 0.9% in 2009 and 0.7% in 2014, and the rates of awarded pensions were 80.6% in 2009 and 72.2% in 2014. Results: Being an upper-level non-manual employee and having more employment during the preceding four calendar years decreased the odds of applying for disability pension but increased the odds of being awarded one. Older age increased the odds of both applying for and being awarded pension. Compared to applications based on mental disorders, those applying due to neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory system had increased odds of being awarded pension whereas those applying due to musculoskeletal diseases or injuries had decreased odds. Only minor temporal changes were found in the determinants of applying for or being awarded disability pension. Conclusions: With a greater probability of disability pension applications but also a lower probability of being awarded pension, the occupational disability process involves a comprehensive disadvantage for lower socioeconomic status groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819843778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T06:43:18Z","timestamp":1556779398000},"page":"172-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Determinants of disability pension applications and awarded disability pensions in Finland, 2009 and 2014"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-3952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riku","family":"Perhoniemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5466-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenni","family":"Blomgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6979-9872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Centre for Pensions, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1787\/9789264088856-en"},{"key":"bibr2-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940210165154"},{"key":"bibr3-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940410029487"},{"key":"bibr4-1403494819843778","first-page":"224","volume":"18","author":"Karlsson N","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"bibr5-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4059-4"},{"key":"bibr6-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811435497"},{"key":"bibr7-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12122-011-9110-0"},{"key":"bibr8-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1367039."},{"key":"bibr9-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280410001704368"},{"key":"bibr10-1403494819843778","first-page":"69","volume":"72","author":"Guo X","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Secur Bull"},{"key":"bibr11-1403494819843778","unstructured":"Finnish Centre for Pensions. Earnings-related pension applications: Disability pension decisions, https:\/\/www.etk.fi\/tutkimus-tilastot-ennusteet\/tilastot\/tyoelakehakemukset (2018, accessed 1 February 2018)."},{"key":"bibr12-1403494819843778","unstructured":"The Social Insurance Institution of Finland. Kelasto-statistical service, https:\/\/www.kela.fi\/web\/en\/statistical-database-kelasto (2017, accessed 10 March 2018)."},{"key":"bibr13-1403494819843778","unstructured":"Statistics Finland. Statistics service online, https:\/\/www.tilastokeskus.fi\/index_en.html (2018, accessed 1 August 2018)."},{"key":"bibr14-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00409-X"},{"key":"bibr15-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810378916"},{"key":"bibr16-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.007"},{"key":"bibr17-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.01.035"},{"key":"bibr18-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqi069"},{"key":"bibr19-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-013-9466-5"},{"key":"bibr20-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970310010475"},{"key":"bibr21-1403494819843778","volume-title":"Changes in Occupation Environment in Finland 1977\u22122013 [Ty\u00f6olojen muutokset 1977\u22122013]","author":"Sutela H","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr22-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-13-54"},{"key":"bibr23-1403494819843778","volume-title":"Social Causes of Health and Disease","author":"Cockerham W.","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr24-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61228-8"},{"key":"bibr25-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12310"},{"key":"bibr26-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818758817."},{"key":"bibr27-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948980260010401"},{"key":"bibr28-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijsw.12295"},{"key":"bibr29-1403494819843778","unstructured":"Nordic Social Statistical Committee. Social Protection in the Nordic Countries 2014\/2015. Scope, Expenditure and Financing, https:\/\/norden.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:1059435\/FULLTEXT02.pdf (2016, accessed 28 June 2018)."},{"key":"bibr30-1403494819843778","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811435494"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1403494819843778","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1403494819843778","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1403494819843778","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:14:58Z","timestamp":1777695298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1403494819843778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1403494819843778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494819843778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1403-4948","1651-1905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1403-4948","type":"print"},{"value":"1651-1905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]]}}}