{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T08:50:02Z","timestamp":1780563002157,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004785","name":"NordForsk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["74645"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["74645"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the patterns of healthcare utilisation for drug use disorders (DUDs) and charges related to narcotics among young refugees in Norway considering the role of sex, country of origin and condition of arrival (accompanied versus unaccompanied minors).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on national registers, sex-stratified Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios to assess the risk of being charged with a narcotics offence and the use of healthcare services related to DUDs. The sample consisted of 15,068 young refugees and 573,241 young Norwegians born in Norway to two Norwegian-born parents. All of the young people in the sample were born between 1983 and 1994. The follow-up period was from January 2008 to December 2015.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with their Norwegian peers, both male and female refugees showed either a similar or lower risk of receiving healthcare for DUDs. However, male refugees showed an increased risk of being charged with a narcotic offence, except those from Afghanistan and the former Yugoslavia. Accompanied male refugees were at a higher risk of being charged, while unaccompanied male refugees showed a lower risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Young male refugees generally had a higher risk of being charged for narcotic offences while showing a similar risk of receiving healthcare for DUDs compared to Norwegian-born young people. However, young men from Afghanistan and the former Yugoslavia deviated from this pattern. This may be partially explained by the length of time spent in Norway. The results add support to previous qualitative studies suggesting that punitive drug policies may disproportionately affect men from minority groups. Further research controlling for parental household-level factors is warranted.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948231201895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T05:39:56Z","timestamp":1696484396000},"page":"942-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Narcotic offences and drug use disorders among young refugees in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7123-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Europa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketil","family":"Eide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Social and Welfare Studies, University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Hjern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Studies, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helio","family":"Manhica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4661-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dunlavy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Studies, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Kale E Hjelde KH. Mental health challenges of immigrants in Norway www.nakmi.no (2017 accessed 11 June 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494818787099"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Health outcomes in young adulthood among former child refugees in Denmark, Norway and Sweden: A cross-country comparative study","volume":"51","author":"Dunlavy A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dunlavy A, Gauffin K, Berg L, et al. Health outcomes in young adulthood among former child refugees in Denmark, Norway and Sweden: A cross-country comparative study. Scand J Public Health 2021;51:330\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The gap between legal protection, good intentions and political restrictions. Unaccompanied minors in Norway","volume":"15","author":"Lid\u00e9n H","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lid\u00e9n H, Stang EG, Eide K. The gap between legal protection, good intentions and political restrictions. Unaccompanied minors in Norway. Soc Work Soc 2017;15:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Soc Work Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2006.10400582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2018.1497145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJMHSC-05-2019-0050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2006.00044.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajes.12228"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2020.1861364"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10612-006-9012-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14043850601030057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","article-title":"\u201cWe are seen as a threat\u201d: Police stops of young ethnic minorities in the Nordic countries","volume":"27","author":"Solhjell R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solhjell R, Saarikkom\u00e4ki E, Haller MB, et al. \u201cWe are seen as a threat\u201d: Police stops of young ethnic minorities in the Nordic countries. Crit Criminol 2018;27:347\u201361.","journal-title":"Crit Criminol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2020.1747462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2019.1592129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Nordic Statistics. CITI03: Population by reporting country country background time population category sex and age https:\/\/pxweb.nordicstatistics.org\/pxweb\/en\/Nordic%20Statistics\/Nordic%20Statistics__Integration%20and%20migration__Population\/CITI03.px\/ (2021 accessed 11 June 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Statistics Norway. Offences investigated 2017 https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/sosiale-forhold-og-kriminalitet\/kriminalitet-og-rettsvesen\/statistikk\/etterforskede-lovbrudd (2018 accessed 15 June 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-019-0244-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.543507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166066"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Bakken A. Ung I Oslo 2018 https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.12199\/5133 (2018 accessed 11 June 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Bosnians \u2013 the integration winners?","volume":"4","author":"Dzamarija MT.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dzamarija MT. Bosnians \u2013 the integration winners? Samfunnsspeilet 2016;4:15\u201320.","journal-title":"Samfunnsspeilet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Bakken A. Ung i Oslo 2023. 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