{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:38:25Z","timestamp":1777937905040,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigate the association between being an immigrant and long-term prescription opioid use in Norway in 2010\u20132019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nested case\u2013control study. The cases were all persons 18 years of age or older with long-term opioid use \u2013 that is, the use of prescription opioids longer than 3 months (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      =215,642). Cases were matched to four controls who filled at least one opioid prescription, but never developed long-term opioid use in the study period (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      =862,568) on sex, age and year of starting long-term\/short-term opioid use. Being an immigrant was defined as being born outside of Norway to two foreign-born parents and four foreign-born grandparents. Adjusting for socioeconomic variables and clinical confounders, analyses were stratified on three age groups (18-44 years, 45-67 years and \u2a7e68 years).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For the youngest age group, being an immigrant was inversely associated with long-term opioid use (adjusted odds ratio 0.75; 95% confidence interval [0.72\u20130.77]) compared with being native-born people. For this age group, the odds ratio differed between people born in Africa (0.56 [0.52\u20130.62]), Central or South America (0.70 [0.62\u20130.79]), Europe outside the European Union (EU) (0.71 [0.65\u20130.77]), Asia including Turkey (0.80 [0.77\u20130.84]) and EU\/European Economic Area (EEA) (0.81 [0.77\u20130.85]). For the middle age group, increased odds were found for immigrants versus natives (1.05 [1.02\u20131.08]) in particular for those born in North America (1.26 [1.13\u20131.40]) and the EU\/EEA (1.13 [1.09\u20131.18]). There was no association in the oldest group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with native-born people, immigrants had lower odds of long-term opioid use among younger adults, higher odds among middle-aged and similar odds among older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948241266744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T08:25:16Z","timestamp":1724315116000},"page":"764-775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The risk of long-term opioid use among immigrants: a national registry-linkage study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3392-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5kon H.","family":"Nestvold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Skurtveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Mental and Physical Health, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksi","family":"Hamina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, Niuvanniemi Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidar","family":"Hjellvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Mental and Physical Health, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingvild","family":"Odsbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Chronic Diseases, Division of Mental and Physical Health, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02252-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.18472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227966"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","article-title":"Socioeconomic risk factors for long-term opioid use: a national registry-linkage study","author":"Nestvold HH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nestvold HH, Skurtveit SS, Hamina A, et al. Socioeconomic risk factors for long-term opioid use: a national registry-linkage study. Eur J Pain 2023; 28:95\u2013104. DOI:10.1002\/ejp.2163","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"World Migration Report 2020","author":"International Organization for Migration","year":"2022","unstructured":"International Organization for Migration. World Migration Report 2020. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Christiansen STG. Befolkningen i Norge. 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