{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:36:30Z","timestamp":1792794990833,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal study investigated the prevalence of and risk factors for loneliness among older new informal caregivers, long-term informal caregivers, former informal caregivers and non-caregivers in selected regions of Finland and Sweden over 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A longitudinal sample of 5083 respondents from the Gerontological Regional Database (GERDA) survey data in 2016 and 2021 was used. Bivariate correlation tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Loneliness prevalence rates varied between 6% and 8% in 2016 and increased in all groups, although not significantly among new informal caregivers. In 2021, the prevalence of loneliness varied between 8% and 14%. Among the baseline variables, reporting loneliness, single\/unmarried\/bereaved civil status, infrequent contact with friends and neighbours, poor self-rated health, depressive symptoms, living in Finland and financial strain increased the likelihood of reporting loneliness in 2021. Among the change variables, being a long-term caregiver, a negative change in civil status, a reduced number of confidants, a negative change in self-rated health and depressive symptoms increased the likelihood of reporting loneliness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Loneliness increased among all four groups of comparison. Being a long-term caregiver was a significant risk factor for reporting loneliness over time (odds ratio 2.00, 95% confidence interval 1.20\u20133.35), when controlling for several other social and health-related variables. To develop effective support, future research could address risk factors for loneliness among distinct groups of informal caregivers based on whether the care recipients have neurological or functional health limitations and examine the availability of support measures.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948241308029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T03:01:26Z","timestamp":1736305286000},"page":"105-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk factors for loneliness among older informal caregivers in regions of Finland and Sweden: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6020-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"\u00c5kerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrica","family":"Nyqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Nyg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Policy, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, \u00c5bo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Snellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitta","family":"Olofsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing, Department of Nursing, Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences, Division of Orthopaedics, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1876638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Personal Relationships: Relationships in Disorder","author":"Perlman D","year":"1981","unstructured":"Perlman D, Peplau LA. Toward a Social Psychology of Loneliness. In: Gilmour R, Duck S (eds) Personal Relationships: Relationships in Disorder. 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Loneliness and social isolation among older informal caregivers: a review of the evidence from longitudinal investigations. In: Hajek A Riedel-Heller SG K\u00f6nig HH (eds) Loneliness and Social Isolation in Old Age: Correlates and Implications (1st ed.) Routledge. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003289012","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003289012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"\u00c5bo Akademi University. The GERDA survey. \u00c5bo Akademi University Social Sciences 2021. http:\/\/urn.fi\/urn:nbn:fi:att:e917092f-e9c5-4a7b-91b5-bb704e3daeb9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity. Guidelines of the Finnish Advisory Board on Research Integrity 2023. https:\/\/tenk.fi\/sites\/default\/files\/2023-11\/RI_Guidelines_2023.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00c5kerman S Nyqvist F Coll-Planas L et al. 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