{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:33:12Z","timestamp":1792524792283,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020586","name":"storbyuniversitetet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"\n Aims:<\/jats:title>\n Health effects of pandemics extend beyond morbidity and mortality from the disease itself and may include long-term mental health consequences. However, previous studies only consider narrowly defined populations at risk or examine pandemics caused by varied pathogens that may have inconsistent effects. We examine existing literature on these long-term mental health effects following one type of pandemic (influenza).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n We conducted a systematic review of the long-term mental health effects of the 1889, 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 influenza pandemics. To our knowledge, this is the first review of studies of broad populations and multiple measures of mental health morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The literature search returned 8190 articles. After deduplication and title\/abstract and full-text screening, 12 articles were reviewed. Seven articles focused on the 1918 pandemic and five on the 2009 pandemic. Study regions were USA or North America (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =5), Europe (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =3), and Asia (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =4). Long-term outcomes studied were suicide (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =4), admission to hospital or psychiatric facility (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =2), stress\/anxiety\/post-traumatic stress disorder (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =4) and schizophrenia and other\/related conditions (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =2). The suggested mechanisms were infection (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =6), effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =3), or other exposure pathways (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n =3). Seven studies had a moderate risk of bias and five studies a high risk of bias.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Mental health effects have been an outcome of pandemics. Researchers should consider a variety of possible mechanisms, and that infection and restrictive NPIs may contribute to mental health morbidity. This study highlights the need for better understanding of the broader health, social, and demographic impacts of pandemics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948251391601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1764569931000},"page":"409-417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A systematic review to understand the long-term mental health effects of influenza pandemics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3504-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Dimka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Seton Hall University, South Orange, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-9581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Pandemics & Society, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svenn-Erik","family":"Mamelund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Pandemics & Society, Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Mamelund SE. Memorandum: Effects of the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-19 on later life mortality of Norwegian cohorts born about 1900. University of Oslo Department of Economics Working Papers. 2003; No. 29\/2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/phrs.2024.1606966"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-0007-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1992.tb00231.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: Retrospective cohort studies of 62\u2008354 COVID-19 cases in the USA","volume":"8","author":"Taquet M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR, et al. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: Retrospective cohort studies of 62\u2008354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry 2021;8:130-40.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2024.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01036-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","article-title":"Protocol for a systematic review to understand the long-term mental-health effects of influenza pandemics in the pre-COVID-19 era","volume":"52","author":"Dimka JL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dimka JL, Schneider BM, Mamelund SE. Protocol for a systematic review to understand the long-term mental-health effects of influenza pandemics in the pre-COVID-19 era. Scand J Public Health 2023;52:391-96.","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20l13454"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Spanish flu and mental disorders in the Margraviate of Istria at the end of WWI","volume":"28","author":"Deli\u0107 I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Deli\u0107 I, Plav\u0161i\u0107 M. Spanish flu and mental disorders in the Margraviate of Istria at the end of WWI. Acta Histriae 2020;28:59\u201370.","journal-title":"Acta Histriae"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","article-title":"Fluctuations in influenza-like illness epidemics and suicide mortality: A time-series regression of 13-year mortality data in South Korea","volume":"16","author":"Jung SJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung SJ, Lim SS, Yoon JH. Fluctuations in influenza-like illness epidemics and suicide mortality: A time-series regression of 13-year mortality data in South Korea. PLoS One 2021;16:e0244596.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2012.02336.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","article-title":"Psychoses associated with influenza","volume":"72","author":"Menninger K.","year":"1919","unstructured":"Menninger K. Psychoses associated with influenza. JAMA 1919;72:235\u201341.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","article-title":"Influenza and schizophrenia. An analysis of post-influenzal \u2018dementia precox,\u2019 as of 1918, and five years later further studies of the psychiatric aspects of influenza. 1926","volume":"151","author":"Menninger KA.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Menninger KA. Influenza and schizophrenia. An analysis of post-influenzal \u2018dementia precox,\u2019 as of 1918, and five years later further studies of the psychiatric aspects of influenza. 1926. 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