{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:11:48Z","timestamp":1789675908559,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2410-H-038-011-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2410-H-038-011-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the effects of conspiracy beliefs and trust in government on COVID-19 vaccination behavior have been analyzed in numerous studies, the interrelationships between these factors and the mechanisms through which they influence vaccination behavior remain underexplored. We hypothesized that conspiracy beliefs are negatively associated with trust in government, which is subsequently and positively associated with attitudes toward and satisfaction with government response, ultimately affecting vaccination behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      For this cross-sectional multilevel study, data were collected from the 10th round (2022) of the European Social Survey. Participants from 18 countries who completed the COVID-19 module of this survey were included in the analysis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 27,983). Data were analyzed using a two-step approach, combining generalized linear mixed models with random intercept and structural equation models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conspiracy beliefs were negatively associated with trust in government (\u03b2 = \u22120.506). Furthermore, conspiracy beliefs (\u03b2 = \u22120.125) and trust in government (\u03b2 = 0.150) were negatively and positively associated with vaccination intention and behavior respectively. Both factors indirectly affected vaccination behavior through individuals\u2019 satisfaction with COVID-19 interventions and attitudes toward government response. Attitudes were more strongly associated with conspiracy beliefs (\u03b2 = \u22120.237), whereas satisfaction was more strongly associated with trust in government (\u03b2 = 0.509).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>Our study demonstrated the complex interrelationships among conspiracy beliefs, trust in government, and COVID-19 vaccination. Policymakers should invest in transparent, evidence-based communication strategies to counter misinformation during public health crises.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948261481314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:48:42Z","timestamp":1789534122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of conspiracy beliefs, trust in government, and perceived government response on COVID-19 vaccination in European countries"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3677-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying-Chih","family":"Chuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Xian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chyi-Huey","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105482118"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-023-00773-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2023.104903"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas KM Uscinski JE Sutton RM et al. Understanding conspiracy theories. Adv in Polit Psychol 2019;40(Suppl):3\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pops.12568","DOI":"10.1111\/pops.12568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefkovics \u00c1 Krek\u00f3 P Koltai J. When reality knocks on the door. The effect of conspiracy beliefs on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and the moderating role of experience with the virus. Soc Sci Med 2024;117149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117149.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.117149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.936917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","article-title":"Trust in physicians and trust in government predict COVID-19 vaccine uptake","volume":"2022","author":"Viskupi\u010d F","unstructured":"Viskupi\u010d F, Wiltse DL, Meyer BA. Trust in physicians and trust in government predict COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Soc Sci Q 2022;103(3):509-20.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1478929920948684"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.114981"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","article-title":"Public perspective on the governmental response, communication and trust in the governmental decisions in mitigating COVID-19 early in the pandemic across the G7 countries","volume":"21","author":"Vardavas C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vardavas C, Odani S, Nikitara K, et al. Public perspective on the governmental response, communication and trust in the governmental decisions in mitigating COVID-19 early in the pandemic across the G7 countries. Prev Med Rep 2021;21:101252.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Links between conspiracy beliefs, vaccine knowledge, and trust: Anti-vaccine behavior of Serbian adults","volume":"277","author":"\u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 JM","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 JM, Mari S, Vdovi\u0107 M, et al. Links between conspiracy beliefs, vaccine knowledge, and trust: Anti-vaccine behavior of Serbian adults. Soc Sci Med 2021;277:1-8.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"European Social Survey. European Social Survey https:\/\/www.europeansocialsurvey.org (2022 accessed 18 December 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","volume-title":"ESS10 overall face-to-face fieldwork and data quality report","author":"Ghirelli N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ghirelli N, Lynn P, Xena C, et al. ESS10 overall face-to-face fieldwork and data quality report. Mannheim, Germany: GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global trends and correlates of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy: Findings from the iCARE study","volume":"9","author":"Stojanovic J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stojanovic J, Boucher VG, Gagne M, et al. Global trends and correlates of COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy: Findings from the iCARE study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9:1-13.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948251314082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429092060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline RB.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 5th ed. New York: The Guilford Press, 2023.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/STA-120017802"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-022-00771-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","article-title":"Political trust in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis of 67 studies","volume":"31","author":"Devine D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Devine D, Valgar\u00f0sson V, Smith J, et al. Political trust in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis of 67 studies. J Eur Public Policy 2023;31:657-79.","journal-title":"J Eur Public Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","article-title":"Responses of the public towards the government in times of crisis","volume":"2023","author":"Bagozzi RP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bagozzi RP, Mari S, Oklevik O, et al. Responses of the public towards the government in times of crisis. Br J Soc Psychol 2022;2023:359-92.","journal-title":"Br J Soc Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14029-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine hesitancy\u2014A scoping review of literature in high-income countries","volume":"9","author":"Aw J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aw J, Seng JJB, Seah SSY, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine hesitancy\u2014A scoping review of literature in high-income countries. Vaccines (Basel) 2021;9:900-20.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","article-title":"Why some people do not get vaccinated against COVID-19: Social-cognitive determinants of vaccination behavior","author":"Han Q","unstructured":"Han Q, Zheng B, Abakoumkin G, et al. Why some people do not get vaccinated against COVID-19: Social-cognitive determinants of vaccination behavior Appl Psychol Health Well-being 2023;15:825-45.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well-being"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14034948261481314","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14034948261481314","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14034948261481314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:50:21Z","timestamp":1789674621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14034948261481314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14034948261481314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14034948261481314","relation":{},"ISSN":["1403-4948","1651-1905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1403-4948","type":"print"},{"value":"1651-1905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"article-number":"14034948261481314"}}