{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:03:29Z","timestamp":1790269409923,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3101-000051B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3101-000051B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined whether the association between depression and return to work (RTW) varied by municipality characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this nationwide register-based cohort study (2012\u20132018), adults aged 25\u201355\u2009years with a first-time in- or outpatient contact for depression were matched 1:3 by birth year and sex to the general population. For comparison, parallel cohorts were established for first-time antidepressant users and individuals with cancer. Labour market affiliation was tracked from 1\u2009year before to 3\u2009years after diagnosis. Municipalities were characterized by urbanicity, unemployment level, and tax revenue. Among individuals outside the workforce, Cox proportional hazard regression estimated hazard ratios (HR) for RTW (early and late), comparing depression and reference groups, with interaction by municipality characteristics. Difference-in-difference analyses assessed absolute changes in the proportion in work, with parallel analyses for antidepressant use and cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the main analyses, HRs of RTW varied by urbanicity. The smallest difference (depression vs. reference group) was observed in capital municipalities (early HR 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.51, 0.57)), late HR 0.72 (0.68, 0.75)) while larger differences were seen in upland (early HR 0.38 (0.35, 0.42)) or rural municipalities (late HR 0.59, 95% CI (0.55, 0.63)). Absolute workforce loss ranged from \u22129.6% (95% CI ( \u221210.7%, \u22128.4%)) in capital to \u221213.6% (\u221215.3%, \u221211.9%) in big city municipalities. A similar variation by urbanicity, though of smaller magnitude, was observed for antidepressant use but not for cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:bold>The association between depression and RTW varied by municipality urbanicity, whereas no clear differences were observed for cancer.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948261485828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:54:21Z","timestamp":1790078061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of major depression with return to work and changes in employment rate across sociodemographic municipality characteristics: A register-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Helene","family":"Moustgaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederikke H\u00f8rdam","family":"Gronemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Birkvig","family":"Raft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1450-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terese H\u00f8j","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6921-220X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merete","family":"Osler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020874"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(22)00376-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"OECD. Sickness disability and work: breaking the barriers. a synthesis of findings across OECD countries \u2013 European Sources Online www.europeansources.info\/record\/sickness-disability-and-work-breaking-the-barriers-a-synthesis-of-findings-across-oecd-countries\/ (2010 accessed 13 March 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Hvidbog om rehabilitering","author":"Maribo T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maribo T, Ibsen C, Thuesen J, et al. Hvidbog om rehabilitering. 1st ed. Aarhus: Rehabiliteringsforum Danmark, 2022.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","article-title":"Interventions to improve return to work in depressed people","volume":"10","author":"Nieuwenhuijsen K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuijsen K, Verbeek JH, Neumeyer-Gromen A, et al. Interventions to improve return to work in depressed people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 10: CD006237.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-017-9730-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-021-01827-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf161.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.03.073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-023-01968-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Danmarks Statistik. Kommunegrupper v1:2018- www.dst.dk\/da\/Statistik\/dokumentation\/nomenklaturer\/kommunegrupper (2018 accessed 5 March 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2021-107894"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21080973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Danmarks Statistik. Bruttoledigheden atter under 5 pct. i august www.dst.dk\/da\/Statistik\/udgivelser\/NytHtml?cid=30862 (2020 accessed 2 March 2026)."}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14034948261485828","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14034948261485828","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14034948261485828","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:22:38Z","timestamp":1790266958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14034948261485828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14034948261485828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14034948261485828","relation":{},"ISSN":["1403-4948","1651-1905"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1403-4948","type":"print"},{"value":"1651-1905","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"article-number":"14034948261485828"}}