{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:40:20Z","timestamp":1777938020428,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1987,6,1]],"date-time":"1987-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":549504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Social class and regional differences in mental retardation were studied in a birth cohort of 12000 children followed up until the age of 14. The incidence of severe mental retardation IQ&lt;50 was significantly higher in farming families and in less developed areas, which is in agreement with the fact that a greater part of the population in these areas belong to social class IV and farmers. The obvious explanation for the higher incidence of severe mental retardation among farmers is an excess of older mothers in this group. In the group of severe mental retardation, paternal unemployment was also statistically, significantly more frequent than among the others. Mild mental retardation, IQ 50\u201370, was significantly higher in all classes other than I+II and mental subnormality, IQ 71\u201385 was higher in social classes III and IV. The other less favourable social conditions, which were statistically more frequent in the families of the mentally subnormal, were that: the father had died, was unemployed, on sick leave or receiveing a pension and the mother was not living at home, was unemployed, or was on sick leave or receiving a pension. The incidence of mental subnormality was significantly higher in more developed areas, in spite of the fact that the members of social class IV were less and those of classes I+II more numerous than elsewhere. One probable explanation for the higher incidence of mild mental retardation and mental subnormality in the lower social classes, is found in socio-familial factors, and, with regard to the excess of these conditions in urban areas, in either the difference in socio-cultural factors or in an eargerness to diagnose these conditions. When only the cases of mental retardation, for which no risk factor or aetiology was known, were considered, a statistically significant difference was only found in mild mental retardation and mental subnormality; the incidence of these conditions being higher in social class IV than in I+II.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/140349488701500202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,9]],"date-time":"2017-07-09T13:39:41Z","timestamp":1499607581000},"page":"63-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Social Class Differences in Mental Retardation and Subnormality"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Paula","family":"Rantakallio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1987,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.60.10.946"},{"key":"bibr2-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.14.1.1"},{"key":"bibr3-140349488701500202","volume-title":"Mental subnormality in the community","author":"Birch HG","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr4-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.43.229.283"},{"key":"bibr5-140349488701500202","volume-title":"Mental handicap and community care: A study of mentally handicapped people in Sheffield","author":"Bayley M.","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr6-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00583856"},{"key":"bibr7-140349488701500202","author":"Rantakallio P.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"key":"bibr8-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(86)80028-2"},{"key":"bibr9-140349488701500202","first-page":"122","volume":"47","author":"Rantakallio P","year":"1983","journal-title":"Growth"},{"key":"bibr10-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1985.tb10922.x"},{"key":"bibr11-140349488701500202","first-page":"380","volume":"90","author":"Rantakallio P.V.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Ment Defic"},{"key":"bibr12-140349488701500202","unstructured":"Lehtovaara A. Stanford-Binet-tyyppinen testist\u00f6 kouIuik\u00e4isten ja aikuisten \u00e4lykkyyden arvioimista varten. L. M. Termanin ja M. M. Merrillin teoksen \u201cMeasuring intelligence\u201d sek\u00e4 A. Holmstr\u00f6min julkaiseman vastaavan ruotsinkielisen laitoksen pohjalta Suomen oloihin sovittanut A. Lehtonaara. Helsinki: Lastensuojelun keskusliiton julkaisu no. 7, 1950."},{"key":"bibr13-140349488701500202","volume-title":"Intelligensm\u00e4tning. Handledning i bruket av de nya omarbetade Stanford-Binet-provet f\u00f6r intelligensunders\u00f6kning. Svensk \u00f6vers. och bearb. av A. Hellstr\u00f6m","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m A","year":"1967"},{"key":"bibr14-140349488701500202","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence scale for children. Testien esitys- ja pisteytysohjeet","author":"Wechsler D.","year":"1974"},{"key":"bibr15-140349488701500202","unstructured":"Sosiaaliryhmitys. Helsingin kaupungin tilastotoimisto. Helsinki, 1954."},{"key":"bibr16-140349488701500202","first-page":"423","volume":"13","author":"Rantakallio P.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"bibr17-140349488701500202","unstructured":"Palmgren K. Regional differences in the degree of development in Finland. Publications of the National Planning Bureau, Helsinki, 1964; Series A: 15."},{"key":"bibr18-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10255.x"},{"key":"bibr19-140349488701500202","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Benefits and hazards of the new obstetrics. Spastic International Medical Publications","author":"Stratton PM","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr20-140349488701500202","first-page":"20","author":"Krause K","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nordic Council Arct Med Res Rep"},{"key":"bibr21-140349488701500202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1977.41.3.995"},{"key":"bibr22-140349488701500202","first-page":"287","volume-title":"The mentally retarded and society: a social science perspective","author":"Garber HL","year":"1975"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/140349488701500202","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/140349488701500202","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:22:59Z","timestamp":1777695779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/140349488701500202"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/140349488701500202"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/140349488701500202","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-8037"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-8037","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1987,6]]}}}