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Despite their potential, the use of cancer biomarkers in clinical settings remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This paper aims to outline biomarker development, from classical, serum protein markers to emerging tumour biomarkers, including meta-biomarkers, to show their diversity and point out the challenges in their development, reporting, and implementation in clinical practice as well as their relevance in evidence-based pathology and cancer classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature-based analysis, incorporating insights from our ongoing research, is presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although numerous potential biomarkers, biomarker signatures, and meta-biomarkers, are being discovered, existing innovations are often not supported by sufficiently rigorous research methodologies and standardised reporting practices to enable their translation into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To ensure that biomarker discoveries are both scientifically sound and clinically useful, improved research and validation methods, along with adherence to established reporting standards, are essential. We propose the use of the Hierarchy of Evidence for Tumour Pathology as a framework to evaluate and map existing evidence and identify knowledge gaps and research priorities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14230380251410478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T06:35:22Z","timestamp":1767422122000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tumour markers and evidence-based pathology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3512-549X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kateryna","family":"Maslova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-1234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Chechlinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-5916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irmina Maria","family":"Michalek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5181-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukasz","family":"Taraszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology"},{"name":"Greater Poland Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7735-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Kober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3961-8653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inga","family":"Trulson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, TUM University Hospital German Heart Center Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Worf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, TUM University Hospital German Heart Center Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1375-5575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, TUM University Hospital German Heart Center Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7089-2633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Knoblauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, TUM University Hospital German Heart Center Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-8863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"Cree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9210-7064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Holdenrieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, TUM University Hospital German Heart Center Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3413-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Kowalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01823-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Biomarker qualification: Evidentiary framework. 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