{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:58:11Z","timestamp":1792033091935,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660867200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Prevalence studies on gambling have largely relied on survey samples. Little is known about the diagnosed prevalence of gambling disorder (GD) based on register data. This study examines the annual prevalence rate of GD between 2011 and 2020 among Finns by gender and age. Methods: Aggregated data on the diagnosis of GD (corresponding to pathological gambling, code F63.0 in the ICD-10) were retrieved from the following national registers: Register of Primary Health Care Visits, and Care Register for Health Care, including specialised outpatient and inpatient health care, and inpatient Care Register for Social Welfare. Primary and secondary diagnoses of adults were included. Average population during a calendar year (4,282,714\u20134,460,177 individuals) was utilised to calculate annual prevalence. Results: The annual prevalence of diagnosed GD in the population increased from 0.005% ( n\u2009=\u2009196) to 0.018% ( n\u2009=\u2009804) within nine years. In 2011, the annual prevalence rate was 0.006% for men and 0.003% for women, compared to rates in 2020 of 0.025% and 0.011%. Gender discrepancy was relatively stable across years: 27.2\u201333.8% of the diagnoses were for women. The prevalence of GD varied between age groups within genders. GD was most prevalent among 18\u201344-year-olds. The prevalence rates increased the most among 30\u201344-year-old women. Conclusion: The extremely low prevalence rate of GD implies that the problem remains under-diagnosed, yet, it has increased among all age groups across genders, except for women aged 60 years or older. Active efforts are needed to increase awareness of GD among both primary and specialised healthcare professionals and the public for better recognition and early detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14550725221108793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]],"date-time":"2022-08-19T09:02:13Z","timestamp":1660899733000},"page":"623-633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Gender- and age-stratified analyses of gambling disorder in Finland between 2011 and 2020 based on administrative registers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4693-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne H.","family":"Salonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Castr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina A.","family":"Latvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Gr\u00f6nroos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-1485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonna","family":"Levola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and Psychiatry, Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa, HUS, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miika","family":"Vuori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Research Center for Child Psychiatry, INVEST Research Flagship, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360585"},{"key":"bibr2-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15449"},{"key":"bibr3-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr4-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Bellringer M., Pulford J., Abbott M., DeSouza R., Clarke D. (2008).\n                      Problem gambling: Barriers to help-seeking behaviours\n                      . https:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/system\/files\/documents\/publications\/barriers-help-seeking-behaviours.pdf"},{"key":"bibr5-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.5.2016.073"},{"key":"bibr6-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Castr\u00e9n S. (2013).\n                      Disordered gambling in Finland: Epidemiology and a current treatment option\n                      . Doctoral dissertation, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. http:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-245-964-0"},{"key":"bibr7-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022129"},{"key":"bibr8-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415575774"},{"key":"bibr9-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.008"},{"key":"bibr10-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111851"},{"key":"bibr11-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3182718a4d"},{"key":"bibr12-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2010.491884"},{"key":"bibr13-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00426","volume":"9","author":"H\u00e5kansson A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr14-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538157.2017.1297306"},{"key":"bibr15-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00320"},{"key":"bibr16-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2019.1638522"},{"key":"bibr17-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Joutsa J. (2012).\n                      Neurobiology of pathological gambling: Brain imaging and epidemiological studies\n                      . Doctoral dissertation, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5092-8"},{"key":"bibr18-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.7.2018.112"},{"key":"bibr19-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-016-9663-1"},{"issue":"22","key":"bibr20-14550725221108793","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"McCarthy S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"18","key":"bibr21-14550725221108793","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"McCarthy S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr22-14550725221108793","first-page":"85","volume":"87","author":"Raisamo S.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yhteiskuntapolitiikka"},{"key":"bibr23-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Salonen A., Lind K., Castr\u00e9n S., Heiskanen M., Lahdenkari M., Alho H. (2019b).\n                      Peliklinikan asiakkaiden rahapelaaminen, rahapelihaitat ja rahapelien markkinointiin liittyv\u00e4t mielipiteet \u2013 Rahapelikysely 2016\u20132017 perustulokset yksinoikeusj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n uudistuksessa\n                      [\n                      Gambling harms survey 2016\u20132017: Gambling, gambling-related harm and opinions on gambling marketing among gambling clinic clients in connection with the reform of the Finnish gambling monopoly\n                      ]. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Report 5\/2019. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-343-309-0"},{"key":"bibr24-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Salonen A. H., Hagfors H., Lind K., Kontto J. (2020).\n                      Gambling and problem gambling: Finnish gambling 2019: Prevalence of at-risk gambling has decreased\n                      . THL Statistical report 9\/2020. https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:NBN:fi-fe2020041719053"},{"key":"bibr25-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Salonen A. H., Lind K., Castr\u00e9n S., Lahdenkari M., Kontto J., Selin J., Hellman M., J\u00e4rvinen-Tassopoulos J. (2019a).\n                      Rahapelaaminen, rahapelihaitat ja rahapelien markkinointiin liittyv\u00e4t mielipiteet kolmessa maakunnassa. Rahapelikyselyn 2016\u20132017 perustulokset yksinoikeusj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4n uudistuksessa\n                      [\n                      Gambling harms survey 2016\u20132017: Gambling, gambling-related harm and opinions on gambling marketing in three regions in connection with the reform of the Finnish gambling monopoly\n                      ]. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL). Report 4\/2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/urn.fi\/URN:ISBN:978-952-343-301-4"},{"key":"bibr26-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106071"},{"key":"bibr27-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Silvennoinen I., Vuorento H. (2020).\n                      Peluurin vuosiraportti 2019\n                      [\n                      Peluuri annual report 2019\n                      ]. Peluuri."},{"key":"bibr28-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Silvennoinen I., Vuorento H. (2021).\n                      Peluurin vuosiraportti 2020\n                      [\n                      Peluuri annual report 2020\n                      ]. Peluuri."},{"key":"bibr29-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Silvennoinen I., Sj\u00f6holm M., Vuorento H. (2018).\n                      Peluurin vuosiraportti 2017\n                      [\n                      Peluuri annual report 2017\n                      ]. Peluuri."},{"key":"bibr30-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6holm M., Korsoff E., K\u00e4mppi J. (2015).\n                      Peluurin vuosiraportti 2014\n                      [\n                      Peluuri annual report 2014\n                      ]. Peluuri."},{"key":"bibr31-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494812456637"},{"key":"bibr32-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-009-9129-9"},{"key":"bibr33-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715626512"},{"key":"bibr34-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001632"},{"key":"bibr35-14550725221108793","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr36-14550725221108793","unstructured":"Williams R. J., Volberg R. A., Stevens R. M. G. (2012).\n                      The population prevalence of problem gambling: Methodological influences, standardized rates, jurisdictional differences, and worldwide trends\n                      . Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre and the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10133\/3068"},{"key":"bibr37-14550725221108793","volume-title":"ICD-11: International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","author":"World Health Organization (WHO).","year":"2019","edition":"11"}],"container-title":["Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14550725221108793","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14550725221108793","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14550725221108793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:37:13Z","timestamp":1777696633000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14550725221108793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14550725221108793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14550725221108793","relation":{},"ISSN":["1455-0725","1458-6126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1455-0725","type":"print"},{"value":"1458-6126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,19]]}}}