{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:46:41Z","timestamp":1777938401983,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695859200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Programme for Drug and Alcohol Research (RUSMIDDEL"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programme for Drug and Alcohol Research (RUSMIDDEL"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Northern Norway Regional Health Authority Finances"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: This Norwegian case study examines groups at risk of drug overdose deaths, evidence-based harm reduction interventions, low-threshold services and treatment implemented, as well as trends in drug overdose deaths between 2010 and 2021. We aimed to explore the relevance of interventions for at-risk groups and discuss their potential impact on drug overdose trends. Method\/data: Using an ecological approach, we analysed the following: (1) groups identified through latent profile analysis (LPA) among a sample of 413 high-risk drug users collected in 2010\u20132012, supplemented with other relevant studies up to 2021; (2) published information on harm-reduction interventions, low-threshold services and treatment in Norway; and (3) nationwide drug overdose mortality figures supplemented with published articles on the topic. Results: High-risk drug users in 2010\u20132012 commonly engaged in frequent illegal drug use, injecting and poly-drug use (including pharmaceutical opioids), which continued into following decade. The interventions implemented between 2010 and 2021 were relevant for at-risk groups identified in the surveys. However, there was no decrease in the trend of drug overdose deaths up to 2021. While relevant interventions may have mitigated a theoretical increase in mortality, new at-risk groups may have contributed to fatal outcomes associated with pharmaceutical opioids. Conclusion: The interventions were relevant to the risk groups identified among high-risk drug users and potentially effective in preventing an increase in drug overdose trends. However, tailored interventions are needed for individuals at risk of death from prescribed opioids. Comprehensive studies encompassing all at-risk populations, including both legal and non-medical users of prescription opioids, are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14550725231195413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T16:56:51Z","timestamp":1695920211000},"page":"111-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["No decline in drug overdose deaths in Norway: An ecological approach to understanding at-risk groups and the impact of interventions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9754-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen J","family":"Amundsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Alcohol, Tobacco and Drugs, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne-Karine M","family":"Melsom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway; Centre for Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn O","family":"Eriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephrology, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway; Metabolic and Renal Research Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja-Lisa","family":"L\u00f8chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14550725231195413","unstructured":"(2009a). https:\/\/www.etikkom.no\/en\/library\/practical-information\/research-ethics-review-bodies\/the-national-committee-for-research-ethics-in-the-social-sciences-and-the-humanities-nesh\/"},{"key":"bibr2-14550725231195413","unstructured":"(2009b). https:\/\/nsd.no\/nsd\/english\/index.html"},{"key":"bibr3-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494815585909"},{"key":"bibr4-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.12.016"},{"key":"bibr5-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.098"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr6-14550725231195413","first-page":"134","volume":"114","author":"Arendt M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"bibr7-14550725231195413","volume-title":"Drug policy and the public good","author":"Babor T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr8-14550725231195413","volume-title":"Drug policy and the public good","author":"Babor T.","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr9-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00602.x"},{"key":"bibr10-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Bech A. B., Bukten A., Lobmaier P., Skeie I., Lillevold P., Clausen T. (2022).\n                      Statusrapport 2021\n                      .\n                      Siste \u00e5r med gamle LAR-retningslinjer (In English: Status report. Last year with old OST guidelines)\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.med.uio.no\/klinmed\/forskning\/sentre\/seraf\/publikasjoner\/rapporter\/2022\/seraf-rapport-nr-2-2022-statusrapport-2021.pdf"},{"key":"bibr11-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039480701644637"},{"key":"bibr12-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa064115"},{"key":"bibr13-14550725231195413","volume-title":"Narkotika i Norge (In English: Illicit drugs in Norway)","author":"Burdzovic J.","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr14-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Chrzanowska A., Man N., Sutherland R., Degenhardt L., Peacock A. (2021).\n                      Trends in drug induced-deaths in Australia 1997-\n                      2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/ndarc\/resources\/Drug%20Induced%20Deaths%20April%202021%20Bulletin.pdf"},{"key":"bibr15-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(98)00028-3"},{"key":"bibr16-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.021"},{"key":"bibr17-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02025.x"},{"key":"bibr18-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x"},{"key":"bibr19-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30337-7"},{"key":"bibr20-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61138-0"},{"key":"bibr21-14550725231195413","unstructured":"D\u00f8ds\u00e5rsaksregisteret {Cause of Death Register} (2020). https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/en\/hn\/health-registries\/cause-of-death-registry\/. Data can be found in Table 7 retrieved from http:\/\/statistikkbank.fhi.no\/dar\/, \u00abNarkotikautl\u00f8ste d\u00f8dsfall iht. EMCDDA\u201d"},{"key":"bibr22-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103369"},{"key":"bibr23-14550725231195413","unstructured":"EMCDDA (2007)\n                      Methods and definitions drug related deaths\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/stats07\/DRD\/methods"},{"key":"bibr24-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr25-14550725231195413","unstructured":"EMCDDA (2019)\n                      Norway, Country drug report\n                      2019. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/country-drug-reports\/2019\/norway_en"},{"key":"bibr26-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2023.100437"},{"key":"bibr27-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103589"},{"key":"bibr28-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Gjersing L. (2017). Narkotikabruk p\u00e5 gateplan i syv norske byer 2017 (In English: Use of illicit drugs in the street population in seven Norwegian cities 2017). https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/ml\/rusmidler-og-avhengighet\/narkotikabruk-pa-gateplan-i-syv-norske-byer-2017\/"},{"key":"bibr29-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2022.103785"},{"key":"bibr30-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14053"},{"key":"bibr31-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Gjersing L., Sand\u00f8y T. A. (2014).\n                      Narkotikabruk p\u00e5 gateplan i syv norske byer\n                      {In English: Drug use in the street population}. Report 1\/2014 from The Norwegian Institute of Alcohol and Drug use. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/globalassets\/dokumenterfiler\/rapporter\/2014\/sirusrap.1.14.pdf ."},{"key":"bibr32-14550725231195413","volume-title":"The global drug policy index","author":"Global Drug Policy Observartory","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr33-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1995.9056072.x"},{"key":"bibr34-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00079.x"},{"key":"bibr35-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.030"},{"key":"bibr36-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedegaard H., Mini\u00f1o A., Spencer M., Warner M. (2021).\n                      Drug Overdose Deaths in the United States\n                      ,\n                      1999\u20132020\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db428.htm","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:112340"},{"key":"bibr37-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36391-8_52"},{"key":"bibr38-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Lauritzen G., Ravndal E., Larsson J. (2012).\n                      Gjennom 10 \u00e5r: en oppf\u00f8lgingsstudie av narkotikabrukere i behandling.\n                      (In English:\n                      Through 10 years: A follow-up study of drug users in treatment\n                      ) (Vol. nr. 6\/2012). Oslo: Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/globalassets\/dokumenterfiler\/rapporter\/2012\/sirusrap.6.12.pdf"},{"key":"bibr39-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Lobmaier P., Skeie I., Lillevold P., Waal H., Bussesund K., Clausen T. (2021).\n                      Statusrapport 2020\n                      .\n                      LAR behandling under f\u00f8rste \u00e5ret med Covid-19 pandemi (In English: Status Report 2020. OST during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic)\n                      (4\/2021)."},{"key":"bibr40-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01099.x"},{"key":"bibr41-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.108282"},{"key":"bibr42-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Care Services (2012)\n                      Se meg! En helhetlig ruspolitikk\n                      .\n                      (In English: See me! A comprehensive alcohol, drug and doping policy)\n                      . Oslo: https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/no\/dokumenter\/meld-st-30-20112012\/id686014\/"},{"key":"bibr43-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp160"},{"key":"bibr44-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-015-0089-3"},{"key":"bibr45-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.006"},{"key":"bibr46-14550725231195413","unstructured":"National records of Scotland (2021) Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2020. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.nrscotland.gov.uk\/files\/\/statistics\/drug-related-deaths\/20\/drug-related-deaths-20-pub.pdf"},{"key":"bibr47-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Norwegian Directorate of Health (2014)\n                      Ja visst kan du bli rusfri \u2013 men f\u00f8rst m\u00e5 du overleve\/ Nasjonal overdosestrategi 2014-2017 (In English: Yes, you can be drug-free \u2013 but first you have to survive \/ National overdose strategy 2014-2017)\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/helsedirektoratet.no\/publikasjoner\/nasjonal-overdosestrategi-20142017"},{"key":"bibr48-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Norwegian Directorate of Health (2019)\n                      Ja visst kan du bli rusfri \u2013 men f\u00f8rst m\u00e5 du overleve\/ Nasjonal overdosestrategi 2019-2022 (In English: Yes, you can be drug-free \u2013 but first you have to survive \/ National overdose strategy 2019-2022)\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.helsedirektoratet.no\/faglige-rad\/overdose-lokalt-forebyggende-arbeid\/bakgrunn"},{"key":"bibr49-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health (2022).\n                      Narkotikautl\u00f8ste d\u00f8dsfall 2021 (In English: Drug induced deaths in 2021)\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/nettpub\/narkotikainorge\/konsekvenser-av-narkotikabruk\/narkotikautloste-dodsfall\/"},{"key":"bibr50-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26633-6_12"},{"key":"bibr51-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.008"},{"key":"bibr52-14550725231195413","author":"Rogeberg O.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"bibr53-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2014.962661"},{"key":"bibr54-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.03.026"},{"key":"bibr55-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.01.003"},{"key":"bibr56-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110343"},{"key":"bibr57-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Skretting A., Amundsen E. J. (2018).\n                      Historisk oversikt over narkotika i Norge 1912-2018 {In English: Historical overview of drugs in Norway 1912-\n                      2018. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/nettpub\/narkotikainorge\/narkotika-i-historien\/historisk-oversikt-over-narkotika-i-norge-1912-2018\/"},{"key":"bibr58-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000526145"},{"key":"bibr59-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Statistics Norway (2022) Population statistics.\n                      Statistikkbanken (In English: Statistics database)\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/statbank\/table\/07459\/"},{"key":"bibr60-14550725231195413","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02480-6"},{"key":"bibr61-14550725231195413","unstructured":"Waal H., Bussesund K., Clausen T., Haaseth A., Lillevold P., Skeie I. (2019).\n                      Statusrapport 2018\n                      .\n                      LAR i rusreformens tid\n                      (1\/2019). Retrieved from Oslo."}],"container-title":["Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14550725231195413","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14550725231195413","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14550725231195413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:37:43Z","timestamp":1777696663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14550725231195413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14550725231195413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14550725231195413","relation":{},"ISSN":["1455-0725","1458-6126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1455-0725","type":"print"},{"value":"1458-6126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]}}}