{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T23:46:57Z","timestamp":1777938417680,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aims:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We used reports (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 208) of drug-free friendships and alcohol and drug use by people diagnosed with substance use disorder in order to investigate their annual change trajectories across 4 years after treatment and the association between these trajectories and debut age and gender.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The participants were recruited from the Stavanger region, Norway. Using cross-sectional analysis, we first examined the relationship between \u201calcohol and drug use\u201d and \u201cdrug-free friendships\u201d across the five follow-ups. We tested whether these associations were significant using chisquare chi-squared tests. Second, we developed three latent growth curve models examining the association between \u201calcohol and drug use\u201d and \u201cdrug-free friendships\u201d.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Our analysis displays a stable drug-free friendships pattern across follow-ups. Only in the fourth follow-up was there a significant association between lower \u201calcohol and drug use\u201d and having \u201cdrug-free friendships\u201d (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200918.27, df\u2009=\u20098,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). In model 1, we found no association between gender, debut age, and alcohol and drug use; model 2 had significant variance on intercept but not on slope; model 3 had good fit (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200944.33, df\u2009=\u200939, comparative fit index\u2009=\u20090.98, root mean square error of approximation\u2009=\u20090.027). However, we did not find any significant regression path between the \u201calcohol and drug use\u201d and \u201cdrug-free friendships\u201d slopes.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Drug-free relationships were in the studied cohort group found to have little influence on reducing alcohol and drug use, while debut age and gender were unrelated to use trajectories across 4 years. We suggest that future research should focus on the frequency and quality of drug-free friendships and participants\u2019 friendship assessments because previous research has found such relationships to facilitate recovery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14550725251332929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]],"date-time":"2025-04-16T15:10:21Z","timestamp":1744816221000},"page":"257-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in the trajectories of drug-free friendships and substance use among a cohort of individuals with multiple substance use disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2731-024X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrik D.","family":"Moe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tore","family":"Tjora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Moltu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Egon","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stavanger University Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-4746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Erga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jone","family":"Bjornestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2020.1852180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","volume-title":"AUDIT. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care","author":"Babor T. F.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Babor T. F., De La Fuente J. R., Saunders J., Grant M. (1992). AUDIT. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care. World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling with Mplus: basic concepts, application, and programming","author":"Barbara M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Barbara M. (2012). Structural equation modeling with Mplus: basic concepts, application, and programming. Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.678819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081413"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2015.1075980"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of single versus multiple substance use disorders: Polysubstance use disorder","volume":"55","author":"Bhalla I. P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bhalla I. P., Stefanovics E. A., Rosenheck R. A. (2017). Clinical epidemiology of single versus multiple substance use disorders: Polysubstance use disorder. Medical Care, 55(9), S24\u2013S32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000731","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1995.56.423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","volume-title":"Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective","author":"Bollen K. A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bollen K. A., Curran P. J. (2006). Latent curve models: A structural equation perspective. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"Brown T. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031084"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","article-title":"The Norwegian offender mental health and addiction study\u2013design and implementation of a national survey and prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Bukten A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bukten A., Lund I. O., Rognli E. B., Stavseth M. R., Lobmaier P., Skurtveit S., Clausen T., Kun\u00f8e N. (2015). The Norwegian offender mental health and addiction study\u2013design and implementation of a national survey and prospective cohort study. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 9(11), SART. S23546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/SART.S23546","journal-title":"Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1453514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S221618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2975\/31.1.2007.23.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X07307771"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1151\/ascp074145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2004.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2022.208932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2020.1730822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1912"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-120029865"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00128-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X07307318"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2007.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12060782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.651028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X07307316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2696019"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","article-title":"The danish longitudinal study of alcoholism 1978-2008","volume":"58","author":"Knop J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Knop J. (2011). The danish longitudinal study of alcoholism 1978-2008. Danish Medical Bulletin, 58(8), B4315.","journal-title":"Danish Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.083733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0954026021000016905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1638406"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.18.2.113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13502"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.2.199"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03483.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X0102500202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2019.1578657"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","unstructured":"Melberg H. O. Lauritzen G. O. Ravndal E. (2003). Hvilken nytte for hvem og til hvilken kostnad? En prospektiv studie av stoffmisbrukere i behandling."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3922\/j.psns.2009.1.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ADD-02-2014-0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14043858.2014.939452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14659890903580482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2012.735563"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","first-page":"117822181983337","article-title":"How social relationships influence substance use disorder recovery: A collaborative narrative study","volume":"13","author":"Pettersen H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pettersen H., Landheim A., Skeie I., Biong S., Brodahl M., Oute J., Davidson L. (2019). How social relationships influence substance use disorder recovery: A collaborative narrative study. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 13(3), 1178221819833379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1178221819833379","journal-title":"Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-012-9626-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-016-1191-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/18387357.2016.1243014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03912.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579417000487"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.11.4.294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1533256X.2017.1361831"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03581.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Long-term outcomes in psychopathology research: Rethinking the scientific agenda","author":"Timko C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Timko C., Moos R. H., Finney J. W. (2016). The course of substance use disorders: Trajectories, endpoints, and predictors. In Long-term outcomes in psychopathology research: Rethinking the scientific agenda (pp. 53\u201376). Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2021.1982521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1556035X.2013.785211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13434"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00167-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.3.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2018.08.004"}],"container-title":["Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14550725251332929","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14550725251332929","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14550725251332929","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:38:13Z","timestamp":1777696693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14550725251332929"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14550725251332929"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14550725251332929","relation":{},"ISSN":["1455-0725","1458-6126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1455-0725","type":"print"},{"value":"1458-6126","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,16]]}}}