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A comprehensive literature search was conducted in collaboration with two information specialists, focusing on original research, reviews, and clinical guidelines published in English. The prevalence of transgender and non-binary individuals in the Nordic region ranges from 0.04% to 0.6%, depending on the country and study methodology. Gender-affirming treatment, including hormone therapy and surgical interventions such as breast augmentation and mastectomy, plays a critical role in reducing gender dysphoria and improving psychological well-being, with low rates of reported regret. Transfeminine individuals often pursue breast augmentation with implants or autologous fat grafting; procedures tailored to their unique anatomical considerations. These surgeries are associated with improved health-related quality of life and high levels of satisfaction. Surgical planning involves careful consideration of implant type, placement, and incision strategy. Transmasculine individuals commonly undergo chest masculinization, with techniques adapted to breast size, ptosis, skin quality, and individual goals. Both implant-based and mastectomy procedures are generally safe, though complications such as capsular contracture, hematoma, or wound healing disturbances may occur. Although regret is rare, it underscores the need for comprehensive assessment, informed consent, and mental health support throughout the transition process. Breast cancer screening guidelines remain inconsistent, with barriers to access due to legal gender markers and varying levels of provider knowledge While Nordic countries vary in their approaches, all aim to balance medical necessity, individual autonomy, and healthcare equity. Future priorities include refining surgical protocols, expanding research on long-term outcomes, and addressing systemic barriers to ensure inclusive, evidence-based care for all gender-diverse individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14574969251376097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T14:33:25Z","timestamp":1758983605000},"page":"15-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Current practices and perspectives on gender-affirming breast and chest wall surgery in the Nordic region: An overview"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2834-9203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isak","family":"Gran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8395-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antti","family":"Mikkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9005-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Sollie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke","family":"Holmgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisu","family":"Ojala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and the University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Sigurjonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dea Medica, Reykjavik Plastic Surgery Clinic, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Amoroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Akademiskt Centrum Plastikkirurgi, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pehr","family":"Sommar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Fris\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, &amp; Stockholm Healthcare Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"L\u00f6fgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Sackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Breast, Endocrine Tumours and Sarcoma, Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-024-02993-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2020.1753136"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.8627"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltiala R Heino E Marttunen M et al: Family characteristics transgender identity and emotional symptoms in adolescence: A population survey study. 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