{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:47:42Z","timestamp":1777852062483,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Informatics J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Over 1.5\u20132 million tuberculosis deaths occur annually. Medical professionals are faced with a lot of challenges in delivering good health-care with unassisted automation in hospitals where there are several patients who need the doctor\u2019s attention.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To automate the pre-laboratory screening process against tuberculosis infection to aid diagnosis and make it fast and accessible to the public via the Internet. The expert system we have built is designed to also take care of people who do not have access to medical experts, but would want to check their medical status.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A rule-based approach has been used, and unified modeling language and the client\u2013server architecture technique were applied to model the system and to develop it as a web-based expert system for tuberculosis diagnosis. Algorithmic rules in the Tuberculosis\u2013Diagnosis Expert System necessitate decision coverage where tuberculosis is either suspected or not suspected. The architecture consists of a rule base, knowledge base, and patient database. These units interact with the inference engine, which receives patient\u2019 data through the Internet via a user interface.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n We present the architecture of the Tuberculosis\u2013Diagnosis Expert System and its implementation. We evaluated it for usability to determine the level of effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction. The result of the usability evaluation reveals that the system has a usability of 4.08 out of a scale of 5. This is an indication of a more-than-average system performance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Several existing expert systems have been developed for the purpose of supporting different medical diagnoses, but none is designed to translate tuberculosis patients\u2019 symptomatic data for online pre-laboratory screening. Our Tuberculosis\u2013Diagnosis Expert System is an effective solution for the implementation of the needed web-based expert system diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458213493197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T22:28:46Z","timestamp":1390343326000},"page":"275-287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tuberculosis\u2013Diagnostic Expert System: An architecture for translating patients information from the web for use in tuberculosis diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Victor C","family":"Osamor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambrose A","family":"Azeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluseyi O","family":"Ajulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Covenant University, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1460458213493197","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans","author":"Thoen CO","year":"1995","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr2-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140519"},{"key":"bibr3-1460458213493197","volume-title":"Computer based medical consultations: MYCIN, 1976","author":"Shortliffe EH","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr4-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90570-2"},{"key":"bibr5-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(78)90015-2"},{"key":"bibr6-1460458213493197","first-page":"876","volume-title":"Proceedings of 7th international joint conference on artificial intelligence","author":"Shortliffe EH","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr7-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208193070803"},{"key":"bibr8-1460458213493197","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Medical Informatics Europe","author":"Hatzilygeroudis I"},{"key":"bibr9-1460458213493197","volume-title":"Proceedings of the second annual conference of GeoComputation & SIRC","author":"McKenzie JS"},{"key":"bibr10-1460458213493197","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th EAEEIE conference","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez C"},{"key":"bibr11-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630001040"},{"key":"bibr12-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2006.037440"},{"key":"bibr13-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.02.055"},{"key":"bibr14-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218488599000325"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr15-1460458213493197","first-page":"410","volume":"12","author":"Djam XY","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pac J Sci Technol"},{"key":"bibr16-1460458213493197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73530-4_5"},{"key":"bibr17-1460458213493197","first-page":"779","volume":"48","author":"Soe SM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc World Acad Sci Eng Tech"},{"key":"bibr18-1460458213493197","volume-title":"System analysis and design methods","author":"Whitten JL","year":"2001","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr19-1460458213493197","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9241\u201311: 1998. 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