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While some of them reach human\u2013expert level accuracy in classifying cancers, most of them have to be treated as black box, in which they do not offer explanation on how they arrived at their decisions. This lack of transparency may hinder the further applications of neural networks in realistic clinical settings where not only decision but also explainability is important. This study proposes a transparent neural network that complements its classification decisions with visual information about the given problem. The auxiliary visual information allows the user to some extent understand how the neural network arrives at its decision. The transparency potentially increases the usability of neural networks in realistic histopathological analysis. In the experiment, the accuracy of the proposed neural network is compared against some existing classifiers, and the visual information is compared against some dimensional reduction methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458218817800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]],"date-time":"2018-12-31T07:08:11Z","timestamp":1546240091000},"page":"190-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A transparent cancer classifier"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2807-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pitoyo","family":"Hartono","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chukyo University, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21471"},{"key":"bibr2-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.01.034"},{"key":"bibr3-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2017.04.012"},{"key":"bibr4-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2988544"},{"key":"bibr5-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"bibr6-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.09.004"},{"key":"bibr7-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-010814-020120"},{"key":"bibr8-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2636665"},{"key":"bibr9-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056"},{"key":"bibr10-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26286"},{"key":"bibr11-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16961"},{"key":"bibr12-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JIFS-18343"},{"key":"bibr13-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2014.2379275"},{"key":"bibr14-1460458218817800","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2013 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN)","author":"Hartono P"},{"key":"bibr15-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-016-2726-5"},{"key":"bibr16-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337288"},{"key":"bibr17-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2012.09.018"},{"key":"bibr18-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2005.05.002"},{"key":"bibr19-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-11"},{"key":"bibr20-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti033"},{"key":"bibr21-1460458218817800","first-page":"1484","volume":"87","author":"Poggio T","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"bibr22-1460458218817800","first-page":"3","author":"Hinton G","year":"1994","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems 6 (NIPS 1993)"},{"key":"bibr23-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1127647"},{"key":"bibr24-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00332918"},{"key":"bibr25-1460458218817800","first-page":"807","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th international conference on international conference on machine learning","author":"Nair V"},{"key":"bibr26-1460458218817800","volume-title":"Deep learning","author":"Goodfellow I","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr27-1460458218817800","first-page":"315","volume-title":"Proceeding of the fourteenth international conference on artificial intelligence and statistics","author":"Glorot X","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr28-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1053964"},{"key":"bibr29-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1015330.1015345"},{"key":"bibr30-1460458218817800","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017467"},{"key":"bibr31-1460458218817800","unstructured":"Van Der Maaten L, Postma E, Van Den Herik H. 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