{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T17:28:39Z","timestamp":1781803719373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594944000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019S1A5A8033338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019S1A5A8033338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"ministry of education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Informatics J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the huge costs associated with new drug discovery and development, drug repurposing has become an important complement to the traditional de novo approach. With the increasing number of public databases and the rapid development of analytical methodologies, computational approaches have gained great momentum in the field of drug repurposing. In this study, we introduce an approach to knowledge-driven drug repurposing based on a comprehensive drug knowledge graph. We design and develop a drug knowledge graph by systematically integrating multiple drug knowledge bases. We describe path- and embedding-based data representation methods of transforming information in the drug knowledge graph into valuable inputs to allow machine learning models to predict drug repurposing candidates. The evaluation demonstrates that the knowledge-driven approach can produce high predictive results for known diabetes mellitus treatments by only using treatment information on other diseases. In addition, this approach supports exploratory investigation through the review of meta paths that connect drugs with diseases. This knowledge-driven approach is an effective drug repurposing strategy supporting large-scale prediction and the investigation of case studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458220937101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T07:57:57Z","timestamp":1594972677000},"page":"2737-2750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Knowledge-driven drug repurposing using a comprehensive drug knowledge graph"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4787-5122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalian University of Technology, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningrui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IQVIA, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-839-3_12"},{"key":"bibr2-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1468"},{"key":"bibr3-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gm326"},{"key":"bibr4-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2013.03.004"},{"key":"bibr5-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.05.001"},{"key":"bibr6-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2015.169"},{"key":"bibr7-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1031-5"},{"key":"bibr8-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.07.013"},{"key":"bibr9-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.9224"},{"key":"bibr10-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2946-5-30"},{"key":"bibr11-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061318"},{"key":"bibr12-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2011.26"},{"key":"bibr13-1460458220937101","first-page":"1","volume":"2012","author":"Li J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed"},{"key":"bibr14-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-S16-S3"},{"key":"bibr15-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-7-S5-S6"},{"key":"bibr16-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0709-0_14"},{"key":"bibr17-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbr005"},{"key":"bibr18-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00284"},{"key":"bibr19-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11090466"},{"key":"bibr20-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz182"},{"key":"bibr21-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-3165-y"},{"key":"bibr22-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002503"},{"key":"bibr23-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0183"},{"key":"bibr24-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-014-0094-2"},{"key":"bibr25-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028025"},{"key":"bibr26-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-15-267"},{"key":"bibr27-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/915124"},{"key":"bibr28-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mb70554d"},{"key":"bibr29-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ci060003g"},{"key":"bibr30-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx169"},{"key":"bibr31-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2012.96"},{"key":"bibr32-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1230"},{"key":"bibr33-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm882"},{"key":"bibr34-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1068"},{"key":"bibr35-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1075"},{"key":"bibr36-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-016-0110-0"},{"key":"bibr37-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun Y, Barber R, Gupta M, et al. Co-author relationship prediction in heterogeneous bibliographic networks. In: Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on advances in social networks analysis and mining ASONAM 2011, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 25\u201327 July 2011, pp. 121\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASONAM.2011.112","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM.2011.112"},{"key":"bibr38-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3402707.3402736"},{"key":"bibr39-1460458220937101","first-page":"1112","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","author":"Wang Z"},{"key":"bibr40-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bby117"},{"key":"bibr41-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2754499"},{"key":"bibr42-1460458220937101","unstructured":"Bordes A, Usunier N, Garc\u00eda-Dur\u00e1n A, et al. Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data. In: Proceedings of the 26th international conference on neural information processing systems, vol. 2, Lake Tahoe, NV, 2013, pp. 2787\u20132795. https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.5555\/2999792.2999923"},{"key":"bibr43-1460458220937101","first-page":"2181","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th AAAI conference on artificial intelligence","author":"Lin Y"},{"key":"bibr44-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1219"},{"key":"bibr45-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-40992-0_6"},{"key":"bibr46-1460458220937101","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14Th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining","author":"Elkan C"},{"key":"bibr47-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2045764"},{"key":"bibr48-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-1676-8"},{"key":"bibr49-1460458220937101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26151"}],"container-title":["Health Informatics Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1460458220937101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1460458220937101","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1460458220937101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:31:09Z","timestamp":1777501869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1460458220937101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1460458220937101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1460458220937101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-4582","1741-2811"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-4582","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2811","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]]}}}