{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:30:18Z","timestamp":1753882218693,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CISSSO"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Informatics J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Background: Pneumonia is difficult to differentiate from other pulmonary diseases because it shares many symptoms with these diseases. Diagnosing pneumonia in clinical practice would benefit from having access to a codified representation of clinical knowledge. An ontology represents a well-established paradigm for such codification. Objectives: The goal of this research is to create Pneumonia Diagnosis Ontology (PNADO) that brings together the medical knowledge dispersed among multiple medical knowledge sources. Material and Methods: We used several clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) describing the pneumonia diagnostic process as a starting point in developing PNADO. Preliminary version of PNADO was subsequently expanded to cover a broader range of the concepts by reusing ontologies from Open Biological and Biomedical Ontology (OBO) Foundry and BioPortal. PNADO was evaluated by examining relevant concepts from the pneumonia-specific systematic reviews, using patient data from the MIMIC-III clinical dataset, and by clinical domain experts. Results: PNADO is a comprehensive ontology and has a rich set of classes and properties that cover different types of pneumonia, pathogens, symptoms, clinical signs, laboratory tests and imaging, clinical findings, complications, and diagnoses. Conclusion: PNADO unifies pneumonia diagnostic concepts from multiple knowledge sources. It is available in the BioPortal repository. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582221083850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T13:52:01Z","timestamp":1649080321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Developing a pneumonia diagnosis ontology from multiple knowledge sources"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2448-9819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Azzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada"}]},{"given":"Wojtek","family":"Michalowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ottawa, Canada"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Iglewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14604582221083850","unstructured":"WHO. 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