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The opacity of AI algorithms and the lack of quality annotated data being available at population scale are among the challenges to the application of AI in oncology. Fundamentally however, the heterogeneity of cancer and its evolutionary dynamics make every tumor response to therapy sufficiently different from the population, machine-learned statistical models, challenging hence the capacity of these models to yield reliable inferences about treatment recommendations that can improve patient outcomes. This article reviews the nominal elements of clinical decision-making for precision oncology and frames the utility of AI to cancer treatment improvements in light of cancer unique challenges. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582221102314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T22:46:57Z","timestamp":1652914017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Can artificial intelligence improve cancer treatments?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3317-9417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youcef","family":"Derbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ted Rogers School of Information Technology Management, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gm514"},{"key":"bibr2-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.5478"},{"key":"bibr3-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_244941"},{"key":"bibr4-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/CCI.18.00002"},{"key":"bibr5-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/CCI.18.00001"},{"key":"bibr6-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21056"},{"key":"bibr7-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37638-9"},{"key":"bibr8-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40041-7"},{"key":"bibr9-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1176935119852081"},{"key":"bibr10-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines5040131"},{"key":"bibr11-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0926"},{"key":"bibr12-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213292"},{"key":"bibr13-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000313481408000514"},{"key":"bibr14-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082349"},{"key":"bibr15-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-017-1531-7"},{"key":"bibr16-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X18790963"},{"key":"bibr17-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-2669"},{"key":"bibr18-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3935"},{"key":"bibr19-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-017-0012-2"},{"key":"bibr20-14604582221102314","first-page":"508","volume":"19","author":"Pearson AT","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Adv Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"bibr21-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab085"},{"key":"bibr22-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2020.188452"},{"key":"bibr23-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpi.jpi_31_19"},{"key":"bibr24-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0417-8"},{"key":"bibr25-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13275"},{"key":"bibr26-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-019-0078-1"},{"key":"bibr27-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8415"},{"key":"bibr28-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.17.00036"},{"key":"bibr29-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2018.7104"},{"key":"bibr30-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1035-9"},{"key":"bibr31-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30219-3"},{"key":"bibr32-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30218-1"},{"key":"bibr33-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.2019.8678513"},{"key":"bibr34-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx113"},{"key":"bibr35-14604582221102314","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.18.00417"},{"key":"bibr36-14604582221102314","unstructured":"Piana R. 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