{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:45:56Z","timestamp":1777851956708,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["G2022024004 L"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2022024004 L"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012905","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WSG2020020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSG2020020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012905","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Informatics J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 epidemic has demonstrated the important role that data plays in the response to and management of public health emergencies. It has also heightened awareness of the role that ontologies play in the design of semantically precise data models that improve data interoperability among stakeholders. This paper surveys vocabularies and ontologies relevant to the task of achieving epidemic-related data interoperability. The paper first reviews 16 vocabularies and ontologies with respect to the use cases. Next it identifies patterns of knowledge that are common across multiple vocabularies and ontologies, followed by an analysis of patterns that are missing, based on the use cases. Conclusions show that existing vocabularies and ontologies provide significant coverage of the concepts underlying epidemic use cases, but there remain gaps in the coverage. More work is required to cover missing but significant concepts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582231180226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T09:38:48Z","timestamp":1685439528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A survey of epidemic management data models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yongchao","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Computer Science Center, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9065-1437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiuyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Computer Science Center, Qilu University of Technology,Jinan, China"}]},{"given":"Mark S","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Computer Science Center, Jinan, China"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76257-1"},{"key":"bibr2-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3010226"},{"key":"bibr3-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14236\/jhi.v22i2.159"},{"key":"bibr4-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41666-018-0019-8"},{"key":"bibr5-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2020-100166"},{"key":"bibr6-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219892387"},{"key":"bibr7-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1995.1081"},{"key":"bibr8-14604582231180226","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IJCAI Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing","author":"Campbell AE","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr9-14604582231180226","volume-title":"Use cases and competency questions for the management of public health emergencies","author":"Gao Y","year":"2022"},{"key":"bibr10-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2041-1480-5-4"},{"key":"bibr11-14604582231180226","first-page":"20","volume":"102","author":"Grenon P","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"bibr12-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp832"},{"key":"bibr13-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1327-2_19"},{"key":"bibr14-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-021-00245-1"},{"key":"bibr15-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0523-6"},{"key":"bibr16-14604582231180226","first-page":"116","volume":"2009","author":"Scheuermann RH","year":"2009","journal-title":"Summit Transl Bioinform"},{"key":"bibr17-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta B, DeBellis M. CODO: An ontology for collection and analysis of COVID-19 data. In: 12th Int. Conf. on Knowledge Engineering and Ontology Development (KEOD), Budapest, Hungary, November 2\u20134, 2020: 76\u201385.","DOI":"10.5220\/0010112500760085"},{"key":"bibr18-14604582231180226","volume-title":"WHO COVID-19 Rapid Version CRF semantic data model","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr19-14604582231180226","first-page":"123","volume":"16","author":"Kachaoui J","year":"2020","journal-title":"iJOE"},{"key":"bibr20-14604582231180226","unstructured":"Falodi J, Fox MS. A Healthcare Ontology for Global City Indicators (ISO 37120). Canada: Working paper, Enterprise Integration Laboratory, University of Toronto, 2018."},{"key":"bibr21-14604582231180226","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization. ISO 37120:2018. Sustainable cities and communities \u2014 Indicators for city services and quality of life.\n                      ISO\n                      2018."},{"key":"bibr22-14604582231180226","unstructured":"Fox MS. A foundation ontology for global city indicators. Canada: Working Paper, Enterprise Integration Laboratory, University of Toronto, 2013."},{"key":"bibr23-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13326-016-0092-y"},{"key":"bibr24-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn534"},{"key":"bibr25-14604582231180226","unstructured":"Kawazoe A, Jin L, Shigematsu M, et al. The development of a schema for the annotation of terms in the BioCaster disease detection\/tracking system, CEUR Workshop Proc. Baltimore, MD: USA, November 8, 2006 2006; 222: 77\u201385."},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr26-14604582231180226","first-page":"405","volume":"40","author":"Collier N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lang Resour Eval"},{"key":"bibr27-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-9-S3-S8"},{"key":"bibr28-14604582231180226","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th international conference on preservation of digital objects","author":"Ferreira JD","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr29-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2014.7004422"},{"key":"bibr30-14604582231180226","volume-title":"Linked COVID-19 data: ontology","author":"Thiery F","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr31-14604582231180226","volume-title":"KG-COVID-19","author":"Reese J","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr32-14604582231180226","volume-title":"ROC: An ontology for country responses towards COVID-19","author":"Qundus JA","year":"2021"},{"key":"bibr33-14604582231180226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2021.100816"}],"container-title":["Health Informatics Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14604582231180226","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14604582231180226","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14604582231180226","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:28:14Z","timestamp":1777501694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14604582231180226"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14604582231180226"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14604582231180226","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-4582","1741-2811"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-4582","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2811","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"article-number":"14604582231180226"}}