{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T23:46:51Z","timestamp":1777852011706,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K23676"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K23676"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Informatics J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI tools are becoming primary information sources for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, as AI sometimes generates factual or inaccurate information, the reliability of information must be assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study assessed the AI-generated responses to frequently asked questions on CKD. We entered Japanese prompts with top CKD-related keywords into ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini. The Quality Analysis of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) tool was used to evaluate the reliability of the information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 207 AI responses from 23 prompts. The AI tools generated reliable information, with a median QAMAI score of 23 (interquartile range: 7) out of 30. However, information accuracy and resource availability varied (median (IQR): ChatGPT versus Copilot versus Gemini = 18 (2) versus 25 (3) versus 24 (5),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Among AI tools, ChatGPT provided the least accurate information and did not provide any resources.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The quality of AI responses on CKD was generally acceptable. While most information provided was reliable and comprehensive, some information lacked accuracy and references.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/14604582251381996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T04:50:52Z","timestamp":1758689452000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Reliability of AI-generated responses on frequently-posed questions by patients with chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1431-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emi","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Information Network Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Okuhara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Information Network Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Information Network Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yuriko","family":"Nishiie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Kiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Medical Information Network Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Health Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000000000374"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","unstructured":"Marcus G. AI platforms like ChatGPT are easy to use but also potentially dangerous. https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/ai-platforms-like-chatgpt-are-easy-to-use-but-also-potentially-dangerous\/ (2022 accessed 23 July 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","article-title":"Distinguishing ignorance from error in LLM hallucinations","author":"Simhi A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Simhi A, Herzig J, Szpektor I, et al. Distinguishing ignorance from error in LLM hallucinations. arXiv 2025.","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.136"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060887"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-023-00347-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003634"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","volume-title":"Top generative AI chatbots by market share \u2013 september 2024 \u2013 first page sage","author":"Bailyn E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bailyn E. Top generative AI chatbots by market share \u2013 september 2024 \u2013 first page sage. SEO Blog. FirstPageSage, 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-024-08710-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.2.105"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.111114"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230424"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04563-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-023-00705-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.230922"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02056-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sexmed\/qfae036"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-024-02125-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.1838"}],"container-title":["Health Informatics Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14604582251381996","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/14604582251381996","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/14604582251381996","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T22:29:00Z","timestamp":1777501740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/14604582251381996"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/14604582251381996"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14604582251381996","relation":{},"ISSN":["1460-4582","1741-2811"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1460-4582","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2811","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"article-number":"14604582251381996"}}