{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T04:14:47Z","timestamp":1789445687314,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Midwest Center for Occupational Safety and Health (MCOHS) Pilot Projects Research Training Program","award":["2T42OH008434-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T42OH008434-16"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Police Science &amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sworn law enforcement personnel in the United States face high rates of work-related stress. Yet, the well-being of more than 300,000 non-sworn personnel, particularly regarding work-related trauma and stress, remains underexplored. This study aims to test the hypothesis that non-sworn personnel experience lower levels of stress, comparing stress and probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) between sworn and non-sworn personnel. The study recruited 283 sworn and 85 non-sworn personnel from two large urban law enforcement agencies in the Twin Cities, Minnesota, between May and October 2021, coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic and the civil unrest following the murder of George Floyd. Participants completed an online survey measuring perceived work-related stress (organizational and operational) and PTSD validated by PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) questionnaire. The study considered different intensities of exposure to COVID and civil unrest, demographics, and worker characteristics as covariates in linear regression models, comparing stress outcomes among sworn and non-sworn personnel. The results showed no significant difference in operational and organizational stress levels between groups, except regarding pension eligibility (non-sworn\u2009&lt;\u20095 years, sworn\u2009&lt;\u200910 years). Non-sworn personnel not yet pension-eligible reported lower organizational stress (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u221210.1, CI\u2009=\u2009\u221218.84, \u22121.36). PCL-5 scores averaged 20.2\u2009\u00b1\u200917.4 for sworn and 23.6\u2009\u00b1\u200919.1 for non-sworn personnel, indicating no significant difference in probable PTSD (\u03b2\u2009=\u20093.24, CI\u2009=\u2009\u22124.19, 10.67). Both groups experienced similar stress levels, though non-sworn personnel ineligible for pension benefits showed lower organizational stress. These findings underscore the importance of targeted interventions and enhanced mental health services for all law enforcement personnel, regardless of classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/14613557241292963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T04:12:28Z","timestamp":1731557548000},"page":"131-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Work-related stress among sworn and non-sworn law enforcement personnel"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8198-1311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon-Sung","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program of Public Health, University of California at Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program of Public Health, University of California at Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Everson-Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program of Public Health, University of California at Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program of Public Health, University of California at Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program of Public Health, University of California at Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marizen R","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program of Public Health, University of California at Irvine, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854800027003006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000254"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","volume-title":"Pandemic Policing: Emerging Issues and Recommendations. 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